【作者】 赵利苹；

【导师】 许金良；

【作者基本信息】 长安大学 ， 道路与铁道工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 公路暴露于自然界，受风、雨、雾、雪等不良天气条件的影响大，严重时可导致公路交通的瘫痪，造成重大交通事故。消除或减轻不良天气条件对公路交通的不利影响，提高公路的使用质量、可靠性和效率，保障公路全天候安全通行，是公路技术工作者和管理者一直高度关注的难题。本文以浙江省交通科技项目“台风期高速公路安全运行保障技术研究”为依托，围绕风、雨及其耦合作用下高速公路交通安全问题展开研究，以期揭示风、雨及其耦合作用对高速公路交通安全的影响机理，为高速公路的安全设计和运营安全保障提供理论支撑。论文广泛收集了国内外不利天气下高速公路交通安全的相关研究文献和资料，系统分析了风、雨对交通安全的影响及其控制策略的研究成果，针对现有研究方法、成果的缺陷和空白，以文献分析为手段，提出了论文的主要研究内容和技术路线。论文采用系统分析方法，全面论述了风、雨作用对交通安全的不利影响，针对天气对交通安全的影响程度，归纳总结了影响交通安全的风、雨类型。采用风洞试验方法，选取小客车和集装箱车为代表车型，以8m/s和13m/s两档风速，0°和90°两个攻角方向分别进行了均匀流的风场模拟，得到了作用在小客车和大货车上的风力量化值。分析了汽车发生滑水机理，采用文献对比分析法，得到了雨天汽车发生滑水的行驶速度及部分滑水时的路面附着系数。以气象监控资料为基础，采用数理统计方法，对雨天能见度与降雨量的关系进行理论研究，建立了能见度的计算模型。为后续研究提供了理论基础。论文基于汽车运动学原理，采用理论分析方法，建立了风作用下刚体汽车的安全行驶模型，基于此，计算得到了考虑风作用后圆曲线最小半径设计标准的修正值。结合汽车结构形式和道路条件的实际情况，系统分析了悬挂汽车行驶在弯坡组合路段的受力情况，构建了风作用下汽车安全行驶的修正模型。采用定性和定量相结合的方法，全面分析了雨天对路面状况、驾驶员反应、车辆制动性能的影响，建立了考虑人-车-路-环境因素的雨天停车视距计算模型。采用归纳总结方法，从纵向和横向两个方面，构建了雨天汽车安全行驶的计算模型。以风、雨单独作用下汽车安全行驶的研究为基础，采用系统分析方法，研究了风雨耦合作用对汽车行驶的影响模式，建立了风雨耦合作用下汽车安全行驶模型。为风雨耦合作用下控制策略提供技术参考。论文采用归纳总结的方法，深入分析了风雨作用下影响汽车安全行驶的各种因素，以DEMATEL（决策试行与评价试验室）法为基础，采用专家问卷调查方法，筛选出风雨耦合作用下影响行车安全的关键因素，构建了行车安全风险评估体系。采用层次分析法，计算得到了各评估指标的权重。采用定性和定量相结合的方法，深入研究了每个评估指标对行车安全的影响程度，提出了各个指标的评估标准。并构建了评估矩阵，提出行车风险等级评估结果。论文采用文献分析方法，针对目前国内外标志标线的设置形式，提出了设施识认性的调查方案；采用试验方法，基于驾驶员心理和驾驶行为的变化，对各方案展开识认性调查；以调查数据为基础，采用数理统计方法，得到了风雨天气下识认性较好的交通标志和标线形式，为交通设施的优化设置提供了依据。针对风雨耦合作用下行车安全风险等级，从交通管制和工程措施两方面提出了风雨天气下行车安全控制策略。在深入分析现有效果评估方法特点的基础上，提出了控制策略效果评估的对比组法。最后将论文研究成果应用于依托工程，验证了其适用性。研究成果为风雨频发地区的高速公路设计提供了理论依据，同时也为高速公路风雨期的安全控制与管理提供了技术支撑。更多还原

【Abstract】 Exposed to the nature, highway transportation is greatly influenced by inclement weather,such as wind, rain, fog and snow, which lead to traffic jam and serious accidents. Theproblems of reducing effects of adverse weather on transportation, improving the quality,reliability and efficiency of highway and ensuring the highway safety are highly concerned byhighway workers and managers. Based on “Study of traffic safety guarantee technologies ofexpressway in typhoon period” attached to Transportation Science and Technology Project ofZhejiang province, the respective and coupling effects of wind and rain on traffic safety areresearched, and their mechanisms are proposed, which provide theoretical support for safedesign and transport of expressway.Based on the extensive collections of research materials and data related to traffic safetyunder harmful weather, the control strategies and the research results of the effects of wind,rain on traffic safety are analyzed systematically. According to the defects and blankness ofexisting research methods, the main research content and technical route are proposed.Using systematical analysis method, the unfavorable effects of wind and rain on trafficsafety are illustrated comprehensively. According to their impacts, the types of wind and rainare summarized. Through wind tunnel experiments and selecting passenger cars and containercars as typical models, the uniform flow of wind field is simulated under the wind speed of8m/s,13m/s and the angle of0°,90°, the wind-force has been quantified. Thourgh analyinghydroplaning performance and comparing existing documents, the driving speed underhydroplaning and the road adhesion coefficient under part hydroplaning are obtained. Basedon meteorological monitoring data and utilizing mathematical statistics method, therelationship between visibility and rainfall is studied theoretically. The calculation model ofvisibility is established. The content in this essay provide theoretical basis for the followingresearches.Based on vehicle kinematic principle, the safe driving model of rigid cars under wind isestablished through theoretical analysis. As a result, the modified value of design standard ofminimum circular curve is calculated coupling with the consideration of wind effect.Combining the automobile structure and road condition, the mechanics of automobilesuspension driving on curve and slope section is analyzed systematically, and then modifiedmodel of safe driving under wind is established. Using qualitative and quantitative methods,the effect of wind on road condition, drivers’ reaction and automobile braking performance is fully analyzed; therefore, the calculation model of stopping sight distance on rain days is builtwith the consideration of comprehensive system of man, automobile, road and environment.With regard to the vertical and horizontal aspects, the calculation model of travel safety onrainy days is erected. Based on the effects of wind and rain respectively and usingsystematical method, their coupling effects are studied, and the calculation model of safedriving is built. The main content in this chapter provides theoretical basis for controlstrategies.Though summarizing the documents, the multiple factors influencing the safe drivingunder the effect of wind and rain are analyzed in depth. Considering the main factor, usingDEMATEL (Decision Making and Trail Evaluation Laboratory) as guidance, taking expertquestionnaires as auxiliary method, the key factors of coupling effects of wind and rain onsafe driving are screened out, and then the risk assessment system of safe driving is proposed.Using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method, the weights of indexes are calculated. Theimpact of every index on safe driving is studied, and each index’s evaluation criterias ispresented through qualitative and quantitative analysis method. The matrix model isestablished for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, using it as a base, risk grade of driving safetyis proposed.Based on the drivers psychological and behavioral change, according to existing designforms of road marking domestic and abroad, research methods of facilities recognition areproposed and implemented. Analyzing the data, the traffic signs and road furnished withbetter recognition on windy and rainy days are obtained which provide the basis of optimizingthe transportation facilities. According to the risk grades of safe driving under the couplingeffects of wind and rain, from the two aspects of traffic control and construction measures, thecontrol strategies are presented. Comparative analysis method in the effect assessment ofcontrol strategies is adopted by completely analyzing existing assessment methods. Finallythe applicability of research results is verified by applying to support project.The research results provide not only theoretical basis for expressway design inwindy and rainy areas, but also technical support for expressway safety control andmanagement.更多还原