【作者】 莫代山；

【导师】 段超；

【作者基本信息】 中南民族大学 ， 民族学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 土匪活动是民国时期广泛存在的社会现象之一，也是社会转型期社会失范的集中表现。土家族地区作为中国西南腹地一个多民族聚居区，土匪活动表现得尤为突出。本文运用民族社会史学的研究方法，将史料与民族学理论分析、宏观历史背景与具体民族村寨考察、历史学研究路径与民族学表述结合起来，用社会控制和社会变迁理论探寻国家、土匪和乡村社会之间的互动关系，进而反映出民国时期土家族地区乡村社会运行基本状貌和规律，最终达到为社会管理提供借鉴的目的。本文共分七章，分别从土匪及土匪活动基本概貌、土匪活动形成影响因素、围绕土匪活动展开的控制活动、土匪的反控制活动、土匪活动产生的社会影响以及对土匪活动相关思考几个角度展开论述。第一章概述了土家族地区土匪基本情况。作为一种历史现象，土匪并非民国时期独有，土家族地区有大量关于历史上土匪的传说和记载。民国时期土家族地区土匪按活动的综合情况可分为“黑棒”、“毛狗强盗”、“边棚”和“总棚”、“团匪”四种，这一时期土匪活动发展大约可分为五个发展阶段阶段。土匪群体的构成也表现出了年龄相对集中、有少数女性为匪、以本地人为主三个特征。第二章概括了民国时期土家族地区土匪活动基本情况。从田野调查反映的情况看，土匪活动大致可概括为强征乱派、捉码圈羊、设卡堵路、打家劫舍、强占奸淫和关圈劫场六项；本地区的土匪活动表现出边缘性、广泛性、鸦片依赖性、帮会融合性等特点；在土匪活动中形成了黑话暗语、纪律禁忌、娱乐生活方面的文化。以上三方面的内容共同组成了土匪群体的群体特征。第三章详细分析了民国时期土匪活动形成的影响因素。作为一种影响深远的社会现象，土匪活动受到自然因素、文化因素和社会背景因素三个层面因素的影响，每一个层面因素下又有许多具体的因素，本地区土匪活动是民国时期各种综合因素影响的结果。同时，从宏观角度来分析，社会转型期土家族地区特殊的社会背景是导致土匪活动产生的决定性因素。第四章描述了地方政权和乡村社会对土匪活动的控制。为了有效控制土匪活动，恢复正常的社会秩序，地方政权从制度建设、军事清剿、经济根源等方面采取了种种措施；乡村社会也采取了加强自身防卫、组建自卫武装、与土匪合作等措施。这些控制活动表现出了以正式控制和强制性控制为主，非正式控制与非强制性控制略显单薄的特点。第五章描述了土匪针对地方政权和乡村社会控制所采取的反控制活动。为了获得生存空间，土匪对乡村社会和地方政权的控制活动进行了反控制。从乡村社会角度来看，它体现在渗透基层政权、巩固经济支柱、强化军事力量和匪化自卫武装四个层面；从地方政权角度看，它体现在军事对抗、权利渗透等层面。每个层面中又有许多具体的反控制内容，共同体现出了土匪反控制活动以武力和暴力为依托呈现出压迫性、在具体手段上呈现出多元性的特点。第六章分析了民国时期土匪活动产生的社会影响。由于土匪活动具有涉及面广、持续时间长、活动数量多的点，土家族地区民国时期土匪活动对社会结构产生了深远影响：（一）由于暴力和武力的长期存在，导致暴力和武力成为确立社会权威和秩序的主导性因素；（二）由于劳动力和农作物减少、农产品恶性单向流动，导致土家族地区贫困化的加剧；（三）由于入匪或遭匪骚扰，导致乡村社会无产者规模扩大；（四）由于社会分层、社会流动异常和乡村社会武装力量的不断膨胀，直接导致土家族地区国家政权内卷化；（五）由于与土匪活动密切相关的传统宗族组织功能、道德风俗、基层政权性质和帮会组织扩张等方面变化，导致土家族地区民间控制系统的变迁。结语部分对民国土匪活动一些问题进行结论性思考。（一）土家族地区民国时期土匪群体的实质是本地区无产者在特殊历史时期的一种存在形态。而本地区匪患问题产生的社会根源是社会转型期在社会结构中产生的权威冲突；（二）土家族地区土匪活动形成有自己的机制，它由原初机制和后致机制两部分构成。其中，原初机制分为压力机制、排解机制和示范机制三部分，后致机制分为镇压机制、保护机制和引导机制三部分。而无力消除土匪活动产生的社会土壤、地方政权合法性逐渐削弱和控制手段中非正式控制的缺失是民国时期土匪活动控制效果不明显主要原因；（三）土家族地区某些土匪在特定范围内对百姓采取保护性活动，可将之称为“保护型土匪”，这些活动目的在于为匪帮和土匪个人营造生存和发展的社会基础；（四）土家族地区土匪在与社会互动过程中，形成了固定的模式和结构，这种结构以土匪为中心；（五）匪患问题研究可为当代转型期社会管理提供一些启示，如：要明确执政理念，加强执政能力建设，为社会健康有序发展提供“领导机制”；要关注民生，化解社会矛盾，为社会矛盾提供“排解机制；要加强司法能力建设，及时有效打击恶性犯罪，为社会稳定提供“保护机制等。更多还原

【Abstract】 Bandits activity was a widespread social phenomenon in the time of Republic ofChina, which was also a centralized expression of social anomie during the time ofsocial transformation. The problem of bandits was specially prominent in Tujia ethnicminority region which was located in the south-west of central China as amulti-ethnic-minority community. Applying to study methodology of ethnologicalsocial historiography, this assay combines historical data with ethnological theoryanalysis,macro historical background with micro ethnic minority villagesinvestigation, historical study with ethnological expression, trying to find out theinteractive relationship between nation, bandits and rural society using the theory ofsocial control and social change, to reflect the basic situation and rules in theoperation of rural society in Tujia ethnic minority region in the time of Republic ofChina, and finally to provide reference for social administration.The assay is divided into7chapters, respectively illustrating bandits,the generalpicture of bandits,bandits activity formative factor,government control on banditsactivity, anti-control of bandits, social influence of bandits activity and relativethinking.Chapter one introduces the general picture of bandits. As a historicalphenomenon, bandits is not peculiar in the Republic of China, and has beennumerously historified. The bandits activity in the Republic of China period can bedivided in to four types and five phases. The formation of bandits has threecharacteristics of same age span, female bandits and local people.Chapter two describes the general situation of bandits in the Republic of China inTujia region. From field research, bandits activity includes6types. Bandits activityshows characteristics of marginality, universality,dependency on opium,underworldgang syncretization.Chapter three analyzes the formative factor of bandits activity. As a far-reachingsocial phenomenon, bandits activity is influenced by environment, culture and societyand is the result of each factor.The special social background during socialtransformation time in Tujia region is the decisive factor which leads to bandits activity.Chapter four describes the control of local government and villages on banditsactivity. In order to effectively control bandits activity and restore normal social order,local government adopts various measures from system building, military cleaning-up,economic de-rooting, and villages society also adopts measures like strengthening selfdefence, army building and cooperation with bandits.All the control measures has acharacteristic of formal control and compulsory control.Chapter five focuses on anti-control of bandits against local government andvillages. In order to gain living space, bandits carries out anti-control activities againstlocal government and villages. From the respective of villages society, it is embodiedin local government penetration, economy consolidation,armed force strengtheningand bandits army building. From the respective of local government, it is embodied inmilitary confrontation and power penetration, each of which includes manysub-anticontrol content. All anti-control measures shows characteristics ofcompression by military force and violence, multielement in specific method.Chapter six analyzes the social influence of bandits activity. Owing to thewide-ranged,long-duration bandits activities, bandits activity exerted a far-reachinginfluence to the social structure during the Republic of China as follows:(1)militaryforce and violence became the leading factor in the establishment of social authorityand order.(2)aggravation of poverty in Tujia region owing to the uniflow of farmproduce caused by decrease of manpower and crops.(3)Enlargement of proletarianowing to bandits activity.(4)Involution of government power owing to abnormalsocial layer and social flow, and increasing villages society armedforce.(5)Transformation of nongovernmental control system in Yujia region owing tothe change of traditional clan organization function, moral, custom, local governmentcharacter and underworld gang, all of which is related closely with bandits activity.The last chapter gives conclusive thinking on bandits activity:(1) The nature ofbandits group in the time of Republic of China is a form of local proletarian in specialhistorical age. The cause of bandits is the authority conflict during socialtransformation.(2)Bandits activity has its own formation mechanism which consistsof two parts as original mechanism and post mechanism.(3)Original mechanism can be divided into pressure mechanism, untangling mechanism and model mechanism.Post mechanism can be divided into suppression mechanism, protection mechanismand leading mechanism.Government’s powerless to eliminate it’s social backgroundand deficit of unofficial control is the main reason of ineffective control on banditsactivity.(4)In a particular range, bandits took actions to protect common people(socalled Guarding bandits).The purpose is to provide living and development socialbackground for bandits. A fixed model and structure is formed during the interactionbetween bandits and the society. The structure is bandits-orientated.(5) Someenlightenment can be inferred from the research of bandits, for example: Thegovernment shall make clear of its governing idea and strengthen its governing abilityto provide leadership mechanism for the healthy and orderly social development.The government shall focus on the living standard for the people and resolve socialcontradictions to provide untangling mechanism fro social conflicts. The governmentshall strengthen its judicial ability construction to attack crime and to provideprotection ability for social stability.更多还原