【作者】 侯小琴；

【导师】 田敏；

【作者基本信息】 中南民族大学 ， 民族学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 19世纪末电影诞生以来，影视就被运用到记录不同文化和行为中去。人类学界对于用文字语言写成的田野民族志文本已经非常熟悉，相比之下，用影视手段来进行人类学的田野表达在民族志创作中一直处于边缘地位。随着人们对影视画面语言规律的认识越来越深，人类学者对怎么越来越得心应手地运用画面语言来进行学术创作，使影视人类学逐渐走向成熟，本文选题是这个成熟过程中的一次理论思考和行动实践。笔者在田野观察中，拍摄了一部人类学纪录片《神农溪的冬天》，并结合自己的实践来论述人类学田野的影视表达。本文绪论部分对本论题选题缘由、意义、相关问题学术研究现状以及本文主旨内容及创新、所采用的理论和方法做了介绍，然后分五章来论述人类学田野的影视表达：第一章论述人类学田野作业与影视表达的含义；第二章从人类学和影视艺术层面讨论人类学田野影视表达的基本原理；第三章结合人类学电影《神农溪的冬天》的摄制创作论述如何用具象的影视语言表达抽象的人类学意义；第四章结合自己实践讨论了人类学纪录片的传播、交流与批评，指出人类学电影的播放、观众对电影的信息反馈、作者自身的反思应该是人类学田野的影视表达的一个重要层次，应该把这一层次作为人类学文化研究的一部分来加以分析；第五章是作者在本论题研究实践的过程中对影视人类学发展空间的思考，作者分析了影视人类学当下面临的困惑，并从对话理论角度论述了解决这些困惑的办法，前瞻了影视人类学广阔的发展前景。本论文认为，人类学田野的影视表达不仅仅是民族志影片的摄制，本文从影视传播学的角度反观人类学田野的影视表达，将人类学田野的影视表达分为三个层次：第一个层次是影视文本的构建（人类学电影的摄制），第二个层次是人类学影视民族志文本的传播与反馈，第三个层次是作者的反思。只有把文本传达给观众，接受观众的反馈并由此促成作者的反思、形成新的认识，才能有完整意义的人类学田野的影视表达。只有这种完整意义的表达才能传达人类学知识，让人类学电影的传播加深跨文化理解，并具有促成新的意识形成的潜能。本文用人文学科中特别是在文学与传播学中新兴应用的“对话”理论来反思文化相对论的理论缺陷：文化相对论倾向于理解欣赏各种文化，否定真理的存在，文化相对论中“存在便是合理”的观点还可能导致文化中道德的缺失；对话理论倡导在“各种喧哗的声音中探求真理”。对话理论肯定真理的存在，并主张通过不同观点的积极争论来寻求真理。本文提出应该把“对话”理论用于指导人类学田野作业和人类学纪录片的创作与传播交流。本文用对话理论解释费孝通“迈向人民的人类学”思想，强调除了学理之外，人类学这一研究“人”的学科应该具有的人文情怀。总之，对话理论所倡导的理念应该贯穿于人类学田野影视表达的全过程。人类学田野作业中需要对话，研究者需要摒弃学者所谓的客观冷静而与研究对象展开对话，将田野知识的感知过程呈现出来并加以反思；人类学田野的影视表达需要对话，这对于我们多年来形成的单一的、线型的人类学电影表达模式有着极大的参照和启迪意义；人类学电影的传播需要对话，这对于我们打开相对封闭的影视人类学的大门有着推动作用；影视人类学的应用需要对话，对话理念推动着学者在研究过程中的价值介入，这是人类学知识回归大众的过程，是人类学服务于人类和平、繁荣的目标践行。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the birth of films at the end of19th century, video products have been usedto record a variety of cultures and behaviors. Literal field ethnography has been wellknown in the anthropology. By contrast, the film field ethnography is being marginal allthe time. As more and more understandings to the regulations of the film languages,anthropologists can perform the academic creation in film languages with higherproficiency. As a result, the film anthropology is being more developed. The topic ofthis dissertation focuses on the theoretical investigation and practice in the process ofthe development of film anthropology.The author of this dissertation has produced an anthropological film “The Winterof Shennong Stream” in the field observation discussing the film expression ofanthropological field through the practice of making films. This dissertation discussesthe film expression of the anthropology in five chapters. The introductory chapterdiscusses why this title is selected, the significance of the topic, the current researchingsituation of the relevant issues, the main content and creative details, the theories andmethods applied by the author. The second chapter discusses the implication of theanthropological field work and the film expression. The third chapter elaborates thefundamental of the anthropological field film expression in respect of anthropology andarts of movie and television. The fourth chapter expounds the method of the filmproduction in the anthropological film making process of “The Winter of ShennongStream”. The fifth chapter discusses the criticism to the anthropological filmscombining the film propagation and dialogue. It is concluded that the playing of theanthropological films, the feedbacks from the audiences of the films and the filmmakers’ introspection should be an important aspect of the anthropological field filmexpression which should be analysed as a part of anthropological culture research.It is considered in this dissertation that the film expressions of the anthropologyfield is not only the film makinge of anthropoloyg films. The author divides the filmexpressions of anthropology field into three levels from the angle of the film communications: the construction of the film texts (the production of anthropologyfilm), the communications and feedbacks of the film texts and the film makers’introspections. When the texts have been transferred to the audients, the film makersthen receive the feedbacks from the audients,new concepts could be created after theself-reflection. The whole process can be called a complete process of film expressionof anthropological field. Only this complete process of presentation can diffuse theanthropological knowledges, deepen the intercultural understandings in thecommunications of the anthropological films and facilitates the creation of the newconcepts.This dissertation uses the dialogue theory, a theory newly applied in the humanitiesespecially the communication, to introspect the theory limitations of culture relativism.The culture relativism leans to understand and appreciate different cultures and negatesthe existence of truth in which the view of "existence in possible" would cause thedeficiency of morality in the culture. On the contrary, the dialogue theory affirms theexistence of truth and proposes to “investigate the truth in the hubbub” which means toseek the truth in the active arguments among varieties of viewpoints. It is pointed out inthis dissertation that the dialogue theory should be applied to guide the field work andthe production and communication of the documentary films. The dialogue theory canalso explain Fei HsiaoTung’s concept of "the anthropology marching toward the people"which emphasizes that "anthropology", a subject of studying human beings, should havehumanities except the scientific principles.In a word, the concepts which the dialogue theory proposes should be appliedthroughout the whole process of the field expressions of the anthropological field. Theanthropological field work needs dialogue and the investigators need to talk to theobjects of study abandoning the so called impersonality and calm and present theperceptual processing of field knowledges which should be introspected consequently.The film expressions of anthropological field need dialogue, which will challenge andeffect the long-term simplex and linear models of anthropological film expressions. The communications of the anthropological films need dialogue which would promote toopen the relatively closed door of the visual anthropology. The applications of the visualanthropology need dialogue which promotes the the value involvement in the studyprocess that the anthropological knowledges come back to the public and serve humanfor peace and prosperity.更多还原