【作者】 龚大鑫；

【导师】 窦学诚；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 经过三十多年的改革开放，中国走出了一条“国内投资+商品外需”的高速增长之路，市场经济体制建设逐步完善。农产品市场已由卖方市场向买方市场转变，农业产业市场化转型基本完成，农业从产品到要素普遍实现市场调节，农业生产资料早已实现市场化，目前劳动力也基本市场化配置，通过土地流转，土地要素也进入市场化配置阶段，在此情况下，由于多主体自由经营的原因，市场竞争已成为农业生产的基本形态，伴随着我国经济的飞速发展，假冒伪劣现象以各种形式贯通农业商品生产和流通的各个环节，同时，高端创新活力不足，对经济的发展不能起到很好的支撑作用，表现为农业商品缺乏竞争力。在甘肃几个地域特色明显的农业已初具规模的基础上，探讨其竞争力的形成机理和如何提升其农业竞争力，对于甘肃特色农业的持续发展有着重要的现实意义。本文从区域特色农业竞争力的内涵及构成着手，分析了甘肃区域特色农业所具有的竞争优势,在此基础上,重点研究了特色农产品供应链在竞争力中的作用以及影响区域特色农业竞争力的因素，并通过甘肃几个已具有一定竞争力的特色农业发展典型案例分析，初步说明了区域特色农业竞争力的形成过程，最后构建了一个逻辑模型解释区域特色农业竞争力形成机理。主要得出以下结论：（1）通过对甘肃区域特色农业竞争优势的分析，结果表明：①从资源禀赋系数分析，甘肃除葡萄外，小杂粮、马铃薯、啤酒大麦、苹果具有较强的比较优势；从市场份额分析，小杂粮、马铃薯、啤酒大麦竞争优势明显，苹果、葡萄竞争优势不明显。②从成本收益分析，小杂粮、马铃薯、苹果、葡萄的纯收益显著高于大田作物，具有较强比较优势，啤酒大麦低于灌区制种玉米和大田玉米，只比小麦高，生产成本过高，竞争优势不明显。③从规模优势指数比较，甘肃小杂粮、马铃薯、啤酒大麦、苹果、葡萄的规模优势指数均大于1，表明与全国平均水平相比，均具有区域规模优势；从效率优势指数分析，除苹果和葡萄外，小杂粮、马铃薯和啤酒大麦的指标值均大于1，说明具有效率优势；按综合比较优势指数分析，除葡萄外，其他几种作物均具有比较优势，说明在全国具有竞争优势。（2）通过以甘肃河西地区牧草产业为例，对河西两种不同苜蓿供应链各环节利益主体成本收益进行了分析，结果表明：无论在哪种苜蓿供应链中，利润在供应链中的分配从单位产品获得的利润额来看，农户＞加工企业＞收购商，并且随着企业对苜蓿加工的深入，企业利润不断增加，而农户利润不断下降，而且随着供应链环节增加，其边际收益存在递减规律，如果将获利周期因素考虑进来，以成本利润率这个指标从相对量上来衡量供应链中的利润分配，则加工企业＞农户＞收购商，但“农户+加工企业+养殖场（户）或饲料加工厂”供应链（A供应链）中利润在各利益主体间分配比较均衡；并且A供应链成本利润率比“农户+收购商+加工企业+养殖场（养殖户）或饲料加工厂”供应链（B供应链）的成本利润率高。在A和B两种供应链中农户和加工企业物质生产成本差异不大的情况下，供应链的交易成本（流通费用）成为决定供应链竞争力的决定因素，而B供应链的流通费用高于A供应链，表明A供应链的竞争力高于B供应链。从成本收益视角对供应链管理进行分析，在把A和B两条供应链分别看作理想供应链和离散供应链后，对其各自的整条供应链的均衡价格形成分析后，则A供应链的交易成本小于B供应链，并且由于B供应链上下游各主体之间缺乏责任分担、利益共享等机制，再加上交易环节的增多，就不可避免各个环节之间的延误、消耗增多，从而导致B供应链的生产成本也大于A供应链。这两方面的因素累加，使得A供应链比B供应链更具有竞争力。在苜蓿供应链利益分割博弈分析中，本文提出了2个研究假说，在此基础上，建立了一个博弈模型，研究了A供应链获得超额利润的边界条件，认为在一次静态博弈中，不可能产生相互合作，纳什均衡并不一定导致帕累托最优；在重复博弈中，只要交易次数足够多，合作时间足够长，加工企业与农户最终都会选择“合作”策略，也就是说博弈模型有可能产生帕累托最优解，但在缺乏约束条件和利益分配不均的情况下，农户和加工企业都会产生违约和投机行为；在此情况下，为降低机会主义风险必须引入违约惩罚的协议约束或采取均衡的利益分配机制，也就是通过改变支付影响博弈双方的策略选择，第一种情况是当违约金大于企业的超额收益时，第二种情况是当加工企业和农户超额利益达到均衡时，在以上两种情况下，博弈矩阵中（合作，合作）的策略组合是是双方的最优解，也是唯一的纳什均衡解。（3）通过对甘肃区域特色农业竞争力影响因素的分析，结果表明：甘肃境内复杂的地形地貌、多样的气候类型和丰富的生物资源等都有一定的比较优势，为甘肃特色农业竞争力的形成提供了基础条件。消费者收入水平、认知程度、年龄、受教育程度与特色农产品消费水平之间存在正相关关系，即随着消费者收入水平、受教育程度和对特色农产品营养价值和保健功能认知水平的提高，以及年龄的增加，消费者对特色农产品的消费需求将增加。家庭耕地面积、特色农产品收入占家庭收入比例与农户扩大生产规模的意愿之间存在正相关关系，即随着家庭耕地面积和特色农产品收入的增加，农户扩大生产规模的意愿也将越大；务工情况与农户扩大生产规模的意愿之间存在负相关关系，即家庭中外出务工人数越少，农户越倾向于扩大规模。另外，从经济学价格弹性和收入弹性角度分析，农户是否愿意扩大种植特色农作物考虑最主要的因素在于：一是农民是否能获得更多利益；二是是否有能力承担扩大规模后的风险，如农户是否有稳定的销售渠道，或是否有其它的替代生计之路；三是政策的影响。从甘肃对于特色农业发展思路和政策扶持力度看，为发展特色农业产业打造公平公正的市场环境创造了具有竞争优势的外部条件。农户的组织化程度低是限制甘肃省特色农业竞争力提高的主要制约因素。（4）通过对甘肃省几个典型特色农业产业发展模式的分析，结果表明：它们有着非常相似的特点：①根据调查当地的农业自然环境，确定了主导的农业产业；②在解决了运输问题后，产业走上了快速发展的道路；③打出了自己的品牌。甘肃特色农业产业化经营模式存在以下问题：①毁单现象普遍存在；②过分强调龙头企业的作用，忽视了配套产业、配套设施和服务体系的建设和发展，忽视企业成长环境的培育；强调农业产业链的纵向连接，而忽视了居于同一环节上的各主体的横向联系和产业集聚所带来的外部经济效应，使得产业发展缺乏整体协调性；③农户规模小而分散，龙头企业也弱小；④品牌意识不强，科学管理跟不上，农产品品质不高。（5）在以上基础上，总结了区域特色农业竞争力的形成的基础，一是农业资源禀赋是形成区域特色农业竞争力的先决条件；二是优越的区域农业制度环境是区域特色农业竞争力形成的保障；三是高素质的农业生产者对区域特色农业竞争力形成的支持作用；四是高效供应链的运作能力是区域特色农业竞争力形成的表现。通过对区域特色农业竞争力形成的驱动路径的分析，构建了区域特色农业竞争力形成机理逻辑模型，其表达式为：C=f(S, P, A, E)，其中，C表示区域特色农业竞争力，S表示竞争力结构，P表示竞争力资产，A表示区域农业生产者，E表示竞争力环境。更多还原

【Abstract】 After30years of reform and opening up, China has walked out of a "domesticinvestment+commodity economy" growth path, the market economy system constructionimproved step by step. The agricultural product market already by the seller turns to thebuyer market market, the agricultural industry market transition completed, agriculture fromproducts to achieve common factors market regulation, the agricultural production materialalready realize the marketization, at present the labor market also basic configuration,through the land circulation, land elements into marketization disposition stage, and in thiscase, because the cause of the main body free operation, the market competition has become abasic form of agriculture production, with the rapid development of Chinese economy, fakebreakthrough in various forms of agricultural commodities production and circulation, eachlink, and at the same time, high-end innovation vigor is insufficient, the development of theeconomy can’t have very good supporting function, performance for lack of competitivenessof agricultural commodities. In several obvious regionalism feature of Gansu provinceagriculture has already begun to take shape, and on the basis of the competitiveness of theformation mechanism of discussed how to promote its competitive power and agriculture,Gansu province for the sustainable development of characteristic agriculture has importantpractical significance.This article from regional characteristic agricultural competitive contents andcomposition, the thesis analyzes the regional characteristic agriculture in Gansu province isthe competitive advantage, and based on this, the focus on the characteristic agriculturalproducts supply chain and the role in competitive area of influence factors of characteristicagricultural competitiveness, and through the Gansu several already has a competitivecharacteristic agriculture development typical case analysis, the preliminary that the regionalcharacteristic agricultural competitiveness forming process, and finally construct a logicalmodel explaining regional characteristic agricultural competitiveness formation mechanism.The main results are as follows:(1) through the area of Gansu province agriculture analysis of the advantages of the competition, and the results show that:①from resources endowment coefficient analysis, inGansu, in addition to the grapes, small grains, potatoes, beer barley, apple has strongcomparative advantages; From a market share analysis, small grains, potatoes, beer barleycompetitive advantages, apple, grape competitive advantage is not obvious.②from the costbenefit analysis, small grains, potatoes, apples, grape is significantly higher than the pureincome field crops, and has strong comparative advantage, beer barley seed corn and fieldbelow the irrigation area of corn, only than wheat is high, the production cost is too high,competitive advantage is not obvious.③scale advantage index from comparison, in Gansu,small grains, potatoes, beer barley, apple, grape the size advantage index are larger than1,show that compared with the national average, which will have a regional scale advantage;From efficiency advantage index analysis, in addition to the apples and grapes, small grains,potatoes and beer barley index are larger than1, that has the efficiency advantage; Accordingto the comprehensive comparative advantage index analysis, in addition to the grapes, severalother crops with comparative advantages are that the whole nation to have the competitiveadvantage.（2）Take forage grass industry in hexi region of Gansu province for example，cost andbenefit of interest subjects in two kinds alfalfa supply chains are analyzed, the results showthat:Regardless of which kind of alfalfa supply chain in, from the view of the amount of profitthat unit product gains, the profit division in supply chain is, households＞processingenterprises＞purchase merchants, and as alfalfa be processed deeply by enterprises,enterprise’s profits are continuously increasing, while households’ profits are continuouslydecreased, with the links of supply chain increasing, its marginal profit follows the declinelaw. If take cycle of getting profit into consideration, and use index of ratio of profit to cost tomeasure profit division from the perspective of comparative quantities, then processingenterprises＞households＞purchase merchants, but in the supply chain(supply chain A)that“households＋processing enterprises＋farms or feed-processing mills”，the profitdivision is balanced between each interest subject; and the ratio of profit to cost of supplychain A is higher than that of supply chain B, which is“households＋purchase merchants＋ processing enterprises＋farms or feed-processing mills”. When the material production costsbetween households and processing enterprises have little difference in supply chain A and B,the transaction costs (circulation costs) are the determinants of competitiveness, and thecirculation costs of supply chain B is higher than that of supply chain A, so, it shows thecompetitiveness of supply chain A is higher than that of supply chain B.Analysis of supply chain management from the view of cost-benefit, after supply chainA and B. being respectively regarded as ideal supply chain and discrete supply chain, andthrough analyzing balanced price formation of their respective whole supply chain, thetransaction costs of supply chain A is lower than that of supply chain B. On the other hand,because of the lack of mechanisms of responsibility sharing and profit sharing,as well as theincreasing of transaction links, the consumption、delay between links is inevitable increased,which makes the production costs of supply chain B are higher than that of supply chain A.Because of the accumulation of two factors above, supply chain A is more competitive thansupply chain B.In game analysis of benefit segmentation of alfalfa supply chain, this paper proposes6hypotheses, and builds a game model on this basis,and the boundary conditions of obtainingexcess profits of supply chain A was studied, which suggests that, in a one time static game,there is no cooperative behavior, and Nash Equilibrium does not necessarily lead to ParetoOptimality; In the repeated game, as long as the transaction times is enough., and cooperativetime is long,both processing enterprises and households will select cooperation strategy,that is: game model might result in Pareto Optimal solution, but when constraints are lack andprofits sharing is unequal, both processing enterprises and households will take breach ofcontract and speculation behavior, in this case, in order to decline opportunism risk, it isnecessary to introduce protocol restriction mechanism or take balanced profit divisionmechanism., that is, to influence the strategy selection of both sides in game by changing themode of payment. The first case is that when penalty is more than excess profits ofenterprises, and the second is processing enterprises is equal to excess profits of households.In the two cases above, the strategy combination:(cooperation, cooperation) is the optimalsolution for both sides, in the game matrix, which is also the unique Nash Equilibriumsolution. (3) The influencing factors of competitiveness of regional characteristic agriculture inGansu province are analyzed, the results show that:There are some comparative advantages in complex landform、multiple climatic typeand plentiful biological nature resource of Gansu province,and that provide basicconditions for the forming of the competitiveness of characteristic agriculture in GansuProvince.The level of income, cognition degree, age and education level have a positivecorrelation with consumption level of characteristic agricultural products, namely, as levels ofincome, education, cognition of nutrition value and health function of characteristicagricultural products improved, as well as age increasing, consumption demand forcharacteristic agricultural products of consumers will increase.Land scale, the proportion of income from characteristic agricultural products in relationto the total household income would have a positive correlation with the households’ will toexpand the extent and scale of planting. That is, the households’ will to expand the extent andscale of planting is increasing with the land scale expanding and income from characteristicagricultural products growing. Working situation is negative correlated with the households’will to expand the extent and scale of planting, Thai is, the less the number of go-outsidelabors in the family, households’ were more likely to expand the extent and scale of planting.In addition, analysis from the economy side of price elasticity and income elasticity, the mostimportant factor that whether the households are willing to expand the extent and scaleof planting is that: one is whether the households can obtain more profits; The other iswhether the households have the ability of undertaking risks after the scale expansion, such as,whether there are stable marketing channel or other alternative livelihood; The third is policyinfluence. As to the development thought and policy support for characteristic agriculture inGansu province, fair and just market environment build for development of characteristicagriculture is the external condition that having competitive advantage. The low degree ofsystematism is the main restrictive factor of characteristic agriculture’s competitivenessimproving.(4) By analysis of several typical characteristic agricultural industrializationdevelopment models in Gansu province, the results show that: They are having some very similar characteristics:①according to the survey of localagricultural natural environment, the leading agricultural industry has been identified;②afterthe transportation problem had solved, the industry has embarked on a rapid developmentpath;③their own brand has been established. The following problems exist in the businessmodel of characteristic agricultural industrialization in Gansu province:①the phenomenon ofdestroy orders are widespread;②the role of leading enterprises have being overemphasized,the construction and development of supporting industries, supporting facilities and servicesystem have being neglected, meanwhile, the cultivate of environment for the growth ofenterprises have being neglected; the vertical connection of agricultural industrial chain hasbeing emphasized, while the horizontal connection of each subject in the same link and theexternal economic effects brought by industrial agglomeration have being neglected, whichmake development of industrial lack the overall coordination;③the faming scale are bothsmall and dispersion, the leading enterprises are also weak and small;④the brand awarenessis not strong,the scientific management can not keep up, the quality of agricultural productsare not very good.(5)This paper summarizes the formed foundation of regionally characteristic agriculturalcompetitiveness on the basis of the above; firstly, agricultural resources endowment is theprerequisite that can form regionally characteristic agricultural competitiveness. Secondly,superior regionally agricultural institutional environment is the security that can formregionally characteristic agricultural competitiveness. Thirdly, agricultural producers withhigh quality play a supportive role in forming regionally characteristic agriculturalcompetitiveness. Fourthly, the operation ability of highly efficient supply chain is theperformance that can form regionally characteristic agricultural competitiveness. Throughanalysis the driven path about the formation of regionally characteristic agriculturalcompetitiveness, this paper structures the logical model about the formation mechanism ofregionally characteristic agricultural competitiveness, the equation is:C=f (S, P, A,E), amongthem, C refers to the regionally characteristic agricultural competitiveness, S equals to thestructure of competitiveness, P explains the assets of competitiveness, A explains regionallyagricultural producers,E explains the environment of competitiveness.更多还原