【作者】 王田涛；

【导师】 张恩和；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 药用植物资源与利用， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 随着中药材生产的不断发展，中药材种植土壤，尤其是根类药材种植土壤的连作障碍问题日益严重，是限制中药材生产可持续发展的主要制约因素之一。本研究通过间套作、轮作和微生物菌剂田间和室内试验，试图找到解决连作障碍问题的有效途径和措施。在室内采用离体生测方法，研究当归水浸提物对当归(Angelica sinensis)、油菜(Brassica campestris)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和蚕豆(Vicia faba)的化感效应。结果表明，当归具有较强的自毒作用，且自毒作用随当归水浸提物浓度增加而增加。当归水浸液浓度为0.0125，0.0250，0.0500和0.1000g·mL-1时，当归发芽率分别为36.25%，5.83%，0.83%和0%。当归水浸提物对3种作物种子萌发均有化感抑制作用，并且化感抑制作用随其浓度增加而增加，种子萌发次序是油菜>小麦>蚕豆。在同一浓度处理下，小麦和油菜胚根的化感抑制作用大于胚芽，蚕豆胚根的化感抑制作用小于胚芽。油菜和小麦的萌发率和萌发指数大于蚕豆。当归水浸提物对去胚乳小麦幼芽和幼根的平均抑制率分别为5.63%和18.01%。在黑暗条件下，当归对油菜幼芽和幼根的抑制率分别为16.25%和50.36%，表明当归化感物对非光照条件的植物抑制作用强于光照条件。因此，当归的自毒作用是造成连作障碍的原因之一；当归对蚕豆的化感抑制作用小于油菜和小麦，蚕豆可以用于当归轮作体系，缓解因自毒作用而引起的连作障碍。于2011-2012年，分别在甘肃省岷县当归连作2a和3a试验地，设置当归与油菜、蚕豆、大蒜、洋葱、小麦和燕麦间套作处理，研究间套模式及种植密度对当归生长发育状况、产量和麻口病等的影响，并研究枯草芽孢杆菌B2对连作2年当归田的修复效果。取得主要结果如下：对连作2年当归田而言，在当归各生育时期，当归/大蒜的当归株高最高。当归苗期和根膨大期，当归/大蒜的当归地上部干物质重比单作当归分别高31.51%和21.28%；在当归苗期、根膨大期和收获期，当归/大蒜的当归地下部干物质重比单作当归分别高25.00%，36.65%和54.75%。在苗期、根膨大期和收获期，当归/大蒜的当归根茎粗分别比单作当归提高12.26%，4.80%和24.38%。当归/燕麦对各生育期当归地上和地下部干物质具有明显抑制作用，并且其抑制作用最强。油菜、蚕豆、大蒜、小麦、燕麦与当归间作的麻口病发病率分别比当归单作降低46.05%，43.31%，25.24%，2.34%和12.82%。当归/大蒜的一等归出成率和二等归出成率比当归单作分别提高118.62%和27.82%。当归/大蒜的当归产量(1946.53kg/hm2)比当归/油菜、当归/蚕豆、当归/小麦、当归/燕麦和当归单作分别提高67.29%，143.31%，207.57%，683.06%和34.71%。间作模式对当归出苗率和抽薹率产生一定影响，但影响不显著。当归/大蒜能提高当归产量和优等归出成率，并能适当减少当归麻口病，因此当归/大蒜对减缓连作2年当归连作障碍有一定作用。对连作3年当归田而言，各间作模式均能提高当归各生育期株高，但降低当归根茎粗和主根长。在当归生长后期(26-09-2012)，当归/洋葱的当归地上部和地下部干物质分别比当归单作高27.92%和38.80%，显著提高一等和二等归出成率，当归/洋葱的一等和二等归出成率分别比当归单作提高104.65%和37.36%。当归/油菜、当归/洋葱和当归/大蒜的麻口病比当归单作分别降低7.15%、25.01%和0.72%，产量分别降低8.76%、19.54%和1.50%。当大蒜株距为16.5cm，当归株高、优等归出成率和产量较高，麻口病发病率较低，株距16.5cm为当归/大蒜的最佳大蒜种植间距。枯草芽孢杆菌B2处理当归可提高当归出苗率、株高、根茎粗、干物重，降低抽薹率和麻口病发病率。C1(稀释10倍)、C2(稀释20倍)和C3(稀释30倍)枯草芽孢杆菌B2处理的当归出苗率比对照分别提高54.23%、30.16%和36.77%，抽薹率分别降低60.40%、10.08%和80.72%。在当归苗期，C1、C2和C3枯草芽孢杆菌B2处理的当归株高分别比对照提高9.50%、13.12%和3.12%，根茎粗分别提高13.86%、10.91%和25.66%，地上部干物质分别提高11.95%、17.69%和33.50%，地下部干物质分别提高8.18%、2.75%和27.32%；在根膨大期，C1、C2和C3的株高比对照分别高38.89%、37.81%和36.11%，根茎粗分别高11.77%、15.63%和29.41%，地上部干物质分别高17.57%、56.92%和87.76%，地下部干物质分别高31.28%、90.80%和106.21%；在收获期，C1、C2和C3的根茎粗比对照分别高6.45%、27.69%和36.73%，根长分别增加5.78%、14.69%和9.57%，地下部干物质分别高28.49%、66.73%和92.67%，产量分别增加33.47%、41.63%和41.76%，一、二等归总出成率分别增加23.54%、129.25%和162.08%,当归麻口病发病率比对照分别降低152.46%、18.04%和364.58%。综合考虑，B2稀释30倍可以更加有效减轻麻口病，促进当归生长和产量形成，提高当归等级，有效减缓连作2年当归连作障碍问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the continuous development of Chinese herbal medicines planting, soil, especialsoil under root herbs planting, was becoming deterioration. Obstacles of continuousmono-cropping have become one of the major constraints in Angelica sinensis planting. Inorder to find methods to resolve obstacles of continuous mono-cropping in Angelica sinensisplanting, different cropping patterns of intercropping, rotation planting and microbialinoculants were conducted in field experiments and in laboratory.Effects of aqueous extracts taken by from Angelica sinensis root on germinations of itself,Brassica campestris, Triticum aestivum, Vicia faba were studied in this paper. The resultswere showed that the autotoxicity of Angelica sinensis was high and increased with theconcentrations of aqueous extracts. The germination rates of Angelica sinensis were36.25%,5.83%,0.83%and0%, respectively, when the concentrations of aqueous extracts were0.0125、0.0250、0.0500and0.1000g mL-1. Inbibitional effects of Angelica sinensis werefound in3crops planting and the order was Brassica campestris> Triticum aestivum> Viciafaba and increased with the concentrations of aqueous extracts. At the same concentration ofaqueous extracts, the inbibitional effects of aqueous on germ growth were higher than onsprout growth of Brassica campestris and Triticum aestivum, but the effect on germ growthwere smaller than on sprout growth of Vicia faba. The inbibitional rates were5.63%and18.01%for wheat bud without endosperm and new wheat roots. The inbibitional rates were16.25%and50.36%for new bud and new roots of Brassica campestris under no lightconditions. It can be concluded that inbibitional effects of Angelica sinensis was higher underlight conditions than no light conditions. The autotoxicity was one of obstacles of continuousmono-cropping in Angelica sinensis planting. The inbibitional effects of Angelica sinensis onVicia faba were smaller then on Brassica campestris and Triticum aestivum. So Vicia fabawas an alternative crop for rotation system to reduce obstacles of continuous mono-croppingin Angelica sinensis planting.In order to alleviate or overcome obstacles of continuous mono-cropping in Angelicasinensis planting, controlled studies were conducted in Min County, Gansu province from2011to2012. The five intercropping patterns (angelica/rape, angelica/broad bean,angelica/garlic, angelica/spring wheat and angelica/oat) and mono-cropping angelica wereconducted on2-year and3-year continuous mono-cropping of Angelica sinensis plantingfields. The main research results were as follows. The results on2-years continuous mono-cropping of Angelica sinensis planting fieldsshowed that the plant height of angelica was the highest in angelica/garlic planting at all thegrowth stages among all treatments. At the seedling and rootstock thickening stage, increasesof dry matter of angelica aboveground in angelica/garlic planting were31.51%a nd21.28%,respectively compared with mono-cropping angelica planting (CK). At the seedling, rootstockthickening and harvesting stage, increases of dry matter of angelica underground inangelica/garlic planting were25.00%,36.65%and54.75%, respectively, and increases of rootstem diameter of angelica were12.26%，4.80%and24.38%, respectively, compared with Ck.Compared with CK, the dry matter of angelica aboveground and underground decreased inangelica/oat planting. Decreases of incidence of angelica Ditylenchus destructor were46.05%,43.31%,25.24%,2.34%and12.82%, respectively, in angelica/rape, angelica/broad bean,angelica/garlic, angelica/spring wheat and angelica/oat planting. And increases of thefirst-class and the second-class of angelica were118.62%and27.82%in angelica/garlicplanting. Yields of angelica reached1946kg hm-2in angelica/garlic planting. And increases ofyields of angelica in angelica/garlic planting were67.29%,143.31%,207.57%,683.06%and34.71%, respectively, compared with angelica/rape, angelica/broad bean, angelica/springwheat, angelica/oat and mono-cropping angelica planting. Intercropping patterns had effectson the emergence rate and bolting percentage of angelica, but the effects were not significant.The intercropping pattern of angelica/garlic planting increased the yields, the rate of thefirst-class and the second-class of angelic, and decreased the incidence of Ditylenchusdestructor. So the angelica/garlic planting was the best intercropping pattern to alleviate orovercome the obstacles of continuous mono-cropping in Angelica sinensis planting in MinCounty, Gansu province.The results on3-years continuous mono-cropping of Angelica sinensis planting fieldsshowed that five intercropping patterns (angelica/rape, angelica/broad bean, angelica/garlic,angelica/spring wheat and angelica/oat) increased plant height of Angelica sinensis, butdecreased the root stem diameter and main root length. In late Angelica growth stage(26-09-2012), increases of dry matter of angelica aboveground and underground inangelica/garlic planting were27.92%and38.80%, respectively compared the3-yearscontinuous mono-cropping of Angelica sinensis planting (CK). The rates of the first-class andthe second-class of angelic were significant higher in angelica/garlic planting than CK, andincreases of the first-class and the second-class of angelic in angelica/garlic planting were104.65%and37.36%, respectively. Compared with CK, decrease of Ditylenchus destructor angelica/garlic planting were7.15%,25.01%and0.72%, respectively, in angelica/rape,Angelica/onion and angelica/garlic planting, while decrease of increases of yields ofangelica were8.76%,19.54%and1.50%, respectively.Planting spacing of16.5cm was optimum space for garlic planting considering with thehigh plant height, the first-class and the second-class angelica and yields of angelica.Emergence rate, plant height, root stem diameter, dry matter of angelica increased, andbolting percentage and Ditylenchus destructor of angelica decreased in angelica planting withBacillus subtilis B2treatment. Increases of the emergence rate were54.23%,30.16%and36.77%, respectively, in angelica planting with Bacillus subtilis C1(Bacillus subtilis B2: water=1:10), C2(Bacillus subtilis B2: water=1:20) and C3(Bacillus subtilis B2: water=1:30)treatment, while decreases of the bolting percentage were60.40%,10.08%and80.72%,respectively.At the seedling stage, compared with CK (no Bacillus subtilis B2applying), increases ofplant height of angelica were9.50%,13.12%and3.12%, respectively, in angelica plantingwith C1, C2and C3treatment, and increases of root stem diameter of angelica were13.86%,10.91%and25.66%, respectively. Increase of dry matter above ground were11.95%,17.69%and33.50%, respectively, in angelica planting with C1, C2and C3treatment, and increase ofdry matter underground were8.18%,2.75%and27.32%, respectively.At the rootstock thickening stage, compared with CK (no Bacillus subtilis B2treatment),increases of plant height of angelica were38.89%,37.81%and36.11%, respectively, inangelica planting with C1, C2and C3treatment, and increases of root stem diameter ofangelica were11.77%,15.63%and29.41%, respectively. Increase of dry matter abovegroundwere17.57%、56.92%and87.76%, respectively, in angelica planting with C1, C2and C3treatment, and increase of dry matter underground were31.28%、90.80%and106.21%,respectively, respectively.At the harvesting stage, compared with CK (no Bacillus subtilis B2treatment), increasesof root stem diameter of angelica were6.45%,27.69%and36.73%, respectively, in angelicaplanting with C1, C2and C3treatment, and increases of root length of angelica were5.78%,14.69%and9.57%, respectively. And increases of dry matter aboveground were28.49%,66.73%and92.67%, respectively, in angelica planting with C1, C2and C3treatment, andincrease of dry matter underground were33.47%、41.63%and41.76%, respectively.Increases of the total of the first-class and the second-class of angelica were23.54%,129.25%and162.08%, and decrease of Ditylenchus destructor of angelica were152.46%,18.04%and 364.58%, respectively.In the whole, C2(Bacillus subtilis B2: water=1:20) decreased Ditylenchus destructor ofangelica and increased growing stage and dry matter of underground of angelica, andincreased the total of the first-class and the second-class of angelica. So C2reduced obstaclesof continuous mono-cropping in Angelica sinensis planting.更多还原