【作者】 王建兵；

【导师】 张德罡；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 草业科学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 草原管理问题已成为各界关注的焦点，特别是由于草原引发一系列的环境问题出现之后，草原管理和治理问题就不仅仅是牧区的问题，而成为国家层面甚至于是国际层面的问题。各国政府和部门都积极在政策和措施方面做着相应的调整与改变，从草地承包到退牧还草、从自由放牧到集约经营、从私有化到草地共管等。本项应用研究根据甘肃省干旱半干旱地区草原实际情况，从草原管理政策入手，重点进行草原政策执行和落实效果方面的研究，以期待为当地政府制定适宜的草原政策提供建议。草原管理从性质上是生态环境问题，但它更是涉及社会、经济、文化等方面，尤其在牧区，还要考虑到其特殊的地理位置，还要综合考虑当地的社会经济发展状况、牧民生产生活、产业结构等问题。因此本文尝试运用区域经济学、农业经济学、管理学、民族和人类学等与自然科学范畴的草业科学、畜牧学、生态学等结合起来进行研究的方法。本文从宏观、中观和微观三个层面对草原管理政策进行研究：宏观层面：总结和评述国外不同类型草原畜牧发达的国家关于草原管理的政策与措施，以及中国政府在草原管理政策方面的措施与成效。中观层面：以不同产权背景下项目区（村）为单位，分析草原制度变迁、养畜量和载畜量、降水量变化与草原政策的关系，探究区域尺度草原管理政策和措施的效果与意义。微观层面：选取甘肃省中西部牧区和半农半牧区的8个牧业村，采用了非概率抽样方法的路径偶遇法进行入户问卷调查。以牧民为研究主体，进行了牧民基本情况和对现行草原政策实施的认知问题的调查，运用频度统计分析了草原管理政策对牧民生产生活的影响程度，进而对主要影响因素又用灰色关联度分析方法，进行了关键因素的关联度排序。结果表明：牧民对草原政策的认知，受牧民文化程度、牧民的家庭收入水平、家庭外出打工情况等多种因素的交互影响。针对草原政策制定和实施中的一些有争议的问题，本文从承载力的确立与弹性、草畜双承包的利弊、游牧还是定居、草原退化是人为还是自然因素等方面进行了探讨，试图对多年来草原管理问题及困境产生的原因进行更深层次的分析和反思。最后以这些分析结果与观点为基础，本研究提出一些有助于保护牧区草原生态、保障牧民生计与发展的对策与建议。（1）完善政策制定的理论体系，增强政策的科学性和适用性；（2）明确草原权属，进一步强化草原管理；（3）开展参与式草原管理，加强牧区能力建设；（4）合理实施区域布局，大力减轻草原生态压力；（5）建立和完善草原综合补贴制度，推动牧区经济发展；（6）加强草原监理体系建设，建立长效工作机制（7）扶持专业合作组织发展，促进草原合理利用。（8）完善牧区社会化服务体系，增强牧区发展能力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Grassland management has caused public attention recently, especially after a seriesof environmental problems concerning grassland. The problem of grassland managementand improvement is no longer just the regional problem in pastoral areas, but also relatedto the whole nation, even the whole world. Governments and related departments keepmaking efforts to reform and adjust the grassland management policy from the pasturecontract system to intensive animal husbandry and pasture condominium, etc. This appliedresearch, according to the actual situation in arid and semi-arid pastoral region of Gansu,is aimed to provide advices to the local governmental grassland policy makers throughreviewing the current grassland management policy and investigating the efficiency ofcurrent policy.Grassland management is not only an ecological issue, but even a social andeconomic concern, especially in the pastoral areas. In consideration of the special regionalsituation, the social and economic development, ecological problem and industrialstructure should be covered. Therefore, the methodology used in this study will be acombination involving economics, management, ethnology and anthropology of socialscience and pratacultural science, animal husbandry and ecology of natural science.This study was conducted in the view of microcosmic, medium and macroscopiclevels.Macroscopic level: summarize and review the grassland management policies andmeasures in foreign countries that have developed grassland and animal husbandry, andthe grassland management policy and its efficiency in China.Medium level: investigate the grassland utilization, livestock production andgrassland management history at village level and analyze the relationship betweenlivestock population, stocking rate and rainfall and grassland management policy, explorethe effect of grassland management policies at regional scale.Microcosmic level: select eight animal husbandry villages in pasturing area andfarming-pastoral area in middle-western Gansu Province to survey the animal productionand the realization of herders to the grassland management policy, impact of policy onlivelihood of herders, and the factors affecting policy were analyzed and ranked. Theresult indicated that the realization of herders to the policy depended on the educated level,income and whether family members go out to work and so on. Aimed to some disputable issues regarding grassland policy making andimplementation, the deeply analysis was made in terms of carrying capacity establishmentand elasticity, advantages and disadvantages of "grassland-livestock contract" forgrassland animal husbandry, nomadism or settle down, the reason of grassland degradation(man-made faults or natural factors).The strategies and advices were provided based on above mentioned research work asfollows:1) Improving the theory system in order to make scientific and feasible grasslandpolicy.2) Clarifying the grassland tenure to strengthen the grassland management.3)Strengthening the capacity construction through participatory methodology.4) Properlyallocate the regional animal husbandry to reduce the grassland pressure.5) Establishingand improving the policy for grassland general subsidies to promote the economicdevelopment in pastoral areas.6) Enhancing the construction of grassland monitoringsystem and establishing mechanisms for long-term work.7) Supporting the developmentof specialized cooperative organization for improving the grassland utilization.8)Improving the socialization service system and enhancing the development capability inpastoral areas.更多还原