【作者】 康立军；

【导师】 张仁陟；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 生态学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 水资源日益短缺与恶化是全球生态环境的主要问题之一，农业作为第一用水大户，其节约用水、合理用水、高效用水对改善目前的水资源状况和促进生态环境保护具有十分重要的作用。在我国，随着社会经济的发展和工业化、城镇化的推进，农业用水已经从1949年的92.7%逐渐降到目前的60%左右，其中，农田灌溉占农业用水量的90%～95%。但是由于经济条件、人员素质以及技术条件的限制，农业用水依然存在用水效率不高、浪费严重、不能按需灌溉等问题。发达国家除普遍采用喷灌、微灌等先进的节水灌溉技术外，还应用先进的自动化控制技术实施精确灌溉，以作物实际需水为依据，以信息技术为手段，提高灌溉精准度，实施合理的灌溉制度，提高水的利用率。智能自动化控制灌溉能够提高灌溉管理水平，改变人为操作的随意性，同时能够减少灌溉用工，降低管理成本，显著提高效益。因此，推广实施自动化控制灌溉，改变目前普遍存在的粗放灌水方式，提高灌溉水利用率，是有效解决农业节水的必要措施之一。当前，农业节水与生态环境保护相结合已经逐渐成为现代节水农业的重要发展方向。实现农业节水灌溉与生态保护的共同发展，需要根据生态学理念，应用系统工程的方法建立和发展生态农业体系，通过人工设计实现水资源的高效利用，协调农业发展与环境、水资源利用与保护之间的关系，形成农业生产和生态上的良性循环。测墒灌溉作为发展农业节水灌溉的重要手段之一，在我国广大地区得到了一定发展。但由于投入成本过高、地理条件限制、操作复杂、决策支持程度不高、网络支持程度不够等原因，已成为大范围实现测墒灌溉发展的主要瓶颈。因此，研究开发一套完整的墒情监控系统，从硬件及软件上解决上述问题，对发展我国农业节水灌溉和促进区域生态建设和恢复具有重要意义。本文以生态学理念为基础，在仔细分析数据传输方案、墒情监测与灌溉联动控制、决策方式的基础上，对墒情监控方案进行了整体设计，研制了墒情采集设备、通讯网关、灌溉控制设备，并结合硬件设备开发了软件系统，完成了一套智能化墒情监控系统，以期实现农业节水灌溉与生态环境的和谐发展。该系统可应用于农田、园林、设施农业等领域的日常灌溉管理和控制。研究取得如下成果：1）研制了基于ZigBee无线和GSM技术的通讯网关。网关部署在田间ZigBee网络与上位机之间，采用自定义数据帧与田间网络通讯，以自定义SMS格式与上位机交换信息，解决了ZigBee不能进行超远距离通信的问题。同时，在田间具有多个墒情采集点的情况下，网关可以将多个采集点数据进行封装转发，整个系统只有网关使用收费网络，极大程度地降低了通讯费用。2）设计开发了基于C/S和B/S两种模式的“网络墒情监控系统”软件系统。 C/S软件可运行于局域网环境，B/S软件可运行于互联网，实现了墒情监控的智能决策与网络化管理。B/S软件采用UDP协议与专门的后台服务程序交互信息，后台服务程序通过串口读写GSM模块，从而实现了上位机与网关的互联互通，解决了B/S软件实时性较差、难以直接操作硬件的问题。3）采用主成分分析法分析了土壤水分传感器埋放深度与数量，结果表明，在一定深度范围内可以采用具有代表性的深度来表示土壤含水量，从而减少单个监测点传感器数量，降低投资成本。4）采用灌溉计划策略与实时灌溉策略，实现了系统的决策支持。灌溉计划策略采用混合蛙跳算法对定额灌溉按作物生育期优化分配灌水量；实时灌溉策略根据墒情监测结果，采用条件式推理，实时进行灌溉决策。两种策略均能保证土壤含水量始终维持在作物正常生长需要的范围之内。5）实现了墒情监测与灌溉过程的联动控制。软件系统根据墒情监测结果，通过专家知识进行灌溉决策，并将决策结果通知灌溉设备，实现了监测、决策与控制三者之间的联动控制。决策过程完全通过软件完成，灌溉控制设备只负责执行，降低了硬件系统开发成本。6）系统设计以绿色环保为基本理念，在田间充分利用太阳能供电和无线通讯技术，解决了由于大量布线造成的农田环境破坏；同时根据专家知识，实现了作物的按需灌溉，确保灌水量只作用在作物根系主要分布土层，有效控制了肥料的深层入渗造成的地下水污染。更多还原

【Abstract】 Increasing shortage and deterioration of water resource is one of the worldwide leadingissues in ecological environment. In the agricultural sector, which is a major water user,conserved, reasonable and efficient use of water plays an important role in improving currentsituation of water resource and promoting ecological environment protection. In China, alongwith the social and economic development as well as the advance of urbanization, waterconsumption by agriculture has decreased from92.7%in1949to present60%around. Ofwhich, the water consumption by farmland irrigation represents for90%–95%of waterconsumption by agriculture. However, due to restrictions of financial condition, personnelquality and technological condition, there are still problems of inefficiency, severe waste, andnon-demand-based irrigation in the water consumption by agriculture. In developed countries,in addition to advanced water-saving irrigation techniques such as spray irrigation andmicro-irrigation which are used generally, advanced automatic control technologies are usedto carry our accurate irrigation. They use crop needs for water as the basis and informationtechnology as the means to improve the accuracy of irrigation, carry out reasonable irrigationsystem and improve the utilization rate of water. Smart automatically-controlled irrigationwill improve the management level of irrigation, and change the arbitrary of human operation,with reduced irrigation labors, lower management cost, and significantly improved benefit.Therefore, to promote the implementation of automatically-controlled irrigation, change thecurrently prevailing extensive way of irrigation, and improve the utilization rate of irrigationwater is one of the requisite measures to address water saving in agriculture.Currently, the combination of agricultural water saving and environmental protectionhas been gradually an important trend of modern water-saving agriculture. To achievecommon development of agricultural water-saving irrigation and ecological protection needsto build and develop an ecological agriculture system based upon ecological principle and byapplying the method of systems engineering, in order to achieve efficient utilization of waterresource through artificial design, coordinate the relationship between agriculturaldevelopment and environment, water resource utilization and protection, and create avirtuous cycle in respect of agricultural production and ecology. As one of the important tools for developing agricultural water-saving irrigation, soil moisture measurement irrigation hasbeen developed to some extent in extensive areas in China. However, over-high cost of input,restricted geological condition, complicated operation, lower degree of decision support andlower degree of network support have been the main bottleneck for wide-range soil moisturemeasurement irrigation. Therefore, to research and develop a set of complete soil moisturemonitoring system to solve the foregoing problems by hardware and software is of greatsignificance to developing agricultural water-saving irrigation in China and promotingregional ecological construction and restoration.Through overall design of soil moisture monitoring plan, based upon careful analysis ofdata transmission plan, interlocked control and decision manner of soil moisture monitoringand irrigation, this study has ended with a set of smart soil moisture monitoring system, witha view to harmonious development between agricultural water-saving irrigation andecological environment. This system can be used for daily irrigation management and controlin such areas as farmland, gardens, and facility agriculture. Following results have beenachieved for the study:1) The study has developed a ZigBee wireless and GSM technology basedcommunication gateway. The gateway is deployed between the field ZigBee network andupper computer, communicates with the field network by using user-defined data frames, andexchange information with the upper computer in a user-defined SMS format. Thus theproblem that ZigBee cannot perform super-long distance communication has eliminated. Atthe same time, if there are multiple soil moisture collection points in the field, the gatewaycan seal and transmit the data at multiple collection points. In the entire system, only thegateway uses the pay network, which has reduced the communication costs significantly.2) The study has designed and developed an “online soil moisture monitoring system”software system which is based both on C/S and B/S modes. The C/S software can operate ina LAN context. B/S can operate in Internet, allowing smart decision and online managementof soil moisture monitoring. The B/S software exchange information with a specialbackground service program by using UDP. The background service program reads andwrites GSM modules through serial ports, and interconnection between the upper computer and the gateway becomes possible, resulting in absence of poor real-time nature of B/Ssoftware, and difficulty in direct operation of hardware.3) With the principal component analysis (PCA) method, the study analyzed the depthand quantity of soil moisture sensor buried. The result showed that, within certain range ofdepth, representative depth can be used to represent the soil moisture content, in order toreduce the quantity of sensors at single monitoring point, and reduce the investment cost.4) The study used the irrigation plan strategy and real-time irrigation strategy to allowdecision support to the system. The irrigation plan strategy used the Shuffled Frog LeapingAlgorithm (SFLA) to optimize the allocation of watering volume to rationed irrigationaccording to the growth period of crops; the real-time irrigation strategy provided irrigationdecision on real-time basis according to the soil moisture monitoring result and usingconditional reasoning, ensuring that the soil moisture content was always maintained withinthe range required by normal growth of crops.5) The study has made it possible for interlocked control of soil moisture monitoring andirrigation process. Based on the soil moisture monitoring result, the software system madeirrigation decision through expert knowledge, and notified the decision result to the irrigationequipment, thus the interlocked control of monitoring, decision-making and control has beenpossible. The decision-making process was completed totally through software, withirrigation control equipment only responsible for execution, and development cost ofhardware system reduced.6) With a basic concept of green and environmental protection in the system design,solar power supply and wireless communication technologies were fully employed in thefield, without destruction to the farmland environment caused by massive wiring; meanwhile,based on expert knowledge, on-demand irrigation of crops was made possible, ensuring thatthe watering volume acted exclusively on the soil layers where crop roots are mainlydistributed, which has effectively controlled the underground water pollution caused by deeppenetration of fertilizer.更多还原