【作者】 李国会；

【导师】 周泽福；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以晋西黄土区中阳县为研究对象，通过对研究区内土石山区、黄土丘陵区和沿川河谷区3种不同类型区现有农田水土流失防治措施的调查，在一定程度上了解和掌握了研究区内农田水土流失防治现状。在此基础上，通过野外调查与室内实验相结合的方法，分别对3种类型区不同农田水土流失防治措施的土壤基本物理性质、土壤水文特征、土壤微团聚体抗蚀性以及土壤养分含量等方面的分析比较，了解了不同类型区内不同农田水土流失防治措施改良土壤、涵养水源以及防治水土流失等方面的效应。从而筛选出适应于不同类型区的农田水土流失防治措施，为研究区内农田水土流失的有效防治和合理构建农田水土流失防治措施体系提供重要依据。主要研究结果如下：（1）土石山区现有农田水土流失防治措施主要有林草措施（退耕还林还草）和水土保持农业技术措施（地膜覆盖）两种。通过对该区域荒草地、灌木林地和乔木林地3种不同水土保持林草措施在土壤物理性质、土壤水文功能、土壤微团聚体抗蚀性以及土壤肥力等方面的对比分析发现，乔木林地在土壤孔隙状况、土壤含水率、土壤持水量以及入渗特性以及肥力状况等方面均较荒草地和灌木林地表现出一定优势，而在土壤微团聚体抗蚀性方面较荒草地差。通过分别对土豆覆膜与土豆不覆膜，玉米覆膜与玉米不覆膜之间水土保持效应的对比分析发现，地膜覆盖改善了土壤物理性质，提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性，增强了土壤的入渗以及蓄水保水能力，同时提高了农作物的生长量。但由于当地顺坡耕作的习惯以及地膜不完全覆盖，地膜覆盖在强降雨条件下更容易形成地表径流，加剧了土壤侵蚀。（2）黄土丘陵区现有农田水土流失防治措施主要有林草措施（退耕还林还草、农林复合以及梯田地埂）和水土保持工程措施（梯田）两种。在乔木林地、灌木林地和荒草地3种不同水土保持林草措施中，乔木林地和灌木林地在改良土壤理化性质，增加土壤水分入渗，涵养水源、增加土壤养分含量等方面分别较荒草地表现出一定优势，但乔木林地土壤含水率最低，明显低于灌木林地和荒草地。因此，灌木林地的水土保持效应较好。通过对该区域苹果-绿豆复合系统、核桃-玉米复合系统以及核桃-黄豆复合系统3种不同农林复合类型水土保持效应的对比分析发现，苹果-绿豆复合系统在土壤物理性质、土壤水文功能以及土壤微团聚体抗蚀性等方面均表现出了一定优势，核桃-黄豆复合系统次之，核桃-玉米复合系统表现稍差。总体而言，0-40cm层核桃-黄豆复合系统和苹果-绿豆复合系统土壤养分含量较高。由此可见，苹果-绿豆复合系统是该区域3种常见农林复合类型中水土保持效应较好的。通过对梯田和坡耕地2种不同土地类型土壤基本物理性质、土壤水文功能、微团聚体抗蚀性以及土壤肥力等方面的对比分析发现，梯田较坡耕地表现好，但差异不明显。由此可见，新修梯田虽然在保水保肥，改良土壤等方面发挥了一定作用，但效果不是很明显。通过对核桃地埂、黄花菜地埂以及枣树地埂3种梯田地埂土壤基本物理性质、土壤水文特征、土壤微团聚体抗蚀性以及土壤肥力等方面的比较发现，核桃地埂的土壤容重、孔隙状况以及土壤质地等均较其他两种地埂好，核桃地埂的土壤水分状况、土壤蓄水能力、土壤入渗能力以及土壤微团聚体抗蚀性均较黄花菜地埂和枣树地埂好，但其土壤团聚体组成以及稳定性方面较黄花菜地埂稍差。核桃地埂是该区域3种生物地埂中水土保持效应较好的。（3）沿川河谷区农田水土流失防治措施主要是农林复合。通过对该区域核桃-玉米复合系统，核桃-土豆复合系统和苹果-玉米复合系统3种不同农林复合类型水土保持效应的对比发现，核桃-玉米复合系统在土壤容重、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤入渗特性、土壤滞留贮水量以及土壤微团聚体抗蚀性等方面均较其他两种农林复合类型表现出一定优势，而苹果-玉米复合系统在土壤含水率、土壤滞留贮水量以及土壤入渗等水文功能方面较差，核桃-土豆复合系统土壤微团聚体抗蚀性较差。核桃-玉米复合系统是该区水土保持效应较好的一种农林复合类型。综上所述，研究区内3种不同类型区由于地貌特征、气候条件、水分条件以及土壤植被不同，采取的农田水土流失防治措施以及土地利用方向也不同。在地表支离破碎、沟壑纵横的黄土丘陵区，农田水土流失防治措施最多；在地势平坦、土层较厚、土壤水分条件以及肥力条件较好的沿川河谷区农田水土流失防治措施最少。水土保持林草措施是3种类型区内主要的农田水土流失防治措施，但林草措施侧重点不同。其中，土石山区主要是水土保持生态林；黄土丘陵区是水土保持生态林和农林复合并重发展；在地势平坦的沿川河谷区则是以经济林为主的农林复合措施为主。由此可见，适应于不同类型区的农田水土流失防治措施不同；同一农田水土流失防治措施在不同区域水土保持效应不同。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this study, Zhongyang County in Western Shanxi province was the research object. Thecurrent situation of soil and water loss prevention of agricultural land was understood andgrasped to a certain extent by investigating the existing soil and water loss prevention measuresof agricultural land in3different type areas in Zhongyang County. Based on the study methodsof field investigation combined with laboratory experiments,we obtained the effects of soilimprovement, water conservaion and preveiton and control of soil erosion, etc. by analyzingand comparing the soil basic physical properties, soil hydrological characteristics, corrosionresistance of soil micro-aggregate and soil nutrient content, etc. of soil and water lossprevention measures of agricultural land in3different type areas. The agricultural land soil andwater loss prevention measures will be selected to fit to different type areas, and this willprovide scientific basis for the effective prevention and for the reasonable construction ofprevention measure system for soil and water loss in agricultural land. The main findings are asfollows:(1) The existing soil and water loss prevention measures of agricultural land inearth-rocky mountainous area mainly included2kinds: forest and grass measures (returningfarmland to forest and grass land) and agricultural technical measures (plastic film mulching).Based on the comparative analysis of soil basic physical properties, soil hydrologicalcharacteristics, corrosion resistance of soil micro-aggregate, soil nutrient content and etc. of3forest and grass conservation measures, it was found that soil porosity status, soil moisturecontent, water-holding capacity, soil infiltration properties and soil nutrient content of woodland were better than grass land and shrub land to a certain extent, but the corrosion resistanceof soil micro-aggregate was worse than grass land.By respectively comparing the soil and water conservation effects of mulching potato andnon-mulching potato, and mulching corn and non-mulching corn, it was found that mulchingimproved soil physical properties, the stability and corrosion resistance of soil aggregates, soil infiltration and the water storage and retention capacity, and increased the growth of crops. Butfor the local downslope tillage habits and non-completely covering, plastic film mulching wasmore easily to form surface runoff and intensify soil erosion under the heavy rainfall.(2) The existing soil and water loss prevention measures of agricultural land in loess hillyarea mainly included grass measures (returning farmland to forest and grass land, agroforestryand terrace ridge) and engineering measures (terrace).Wood land and shrub land exhibited advantages in improving soil physical and chemicalproperties, increasing soil water infiltration and water conservation and other aspects than grassland. But compared with grass land and shrub land, wood land was lower in soil water content.Therefore, the soil and water conservation effect of shrub land was better in this area.By the contrasting analysis of soil and water conservation effects of apple-green bean,walnut-corn and walnut-soybean agroforestry systems, it was found that soil basic physicalproperties, soil hydrological characteristics, corrosion resistance of soil micro-aggregate andsoil nutrient content of apple-green bean agroforestry system exhibited certain advantages thanwalnut-corn and walnut-soybean agroforestry systems, and secondly was walnut-soybeanagroforestry system. The performance of walnut-corn system was poor.0-40cm soil nutrientcontent of apple-green bean agroforestry system and walnut-soybean agroforestry system werehigher than walnut-corn system. So, from the effects of soil and water conservation,apple-green bean agroforestry system was the best agroforestry type among the3agroforestrysystems in the area.The terrace exhibited advantages in the aspacts of soil basic physical properties, soilhydrological characteristics, corrosion resistance of soil micro-aggregate and soil nutrientcontent to a certain degree than sloping land, but the differences were not significant. Thus, thenew terrace has played a certain role in water and nutrient retention and soil improvement, butthe effect was not obvious at present.By comparing the soil basic physical properties, soil hydrological characteristics,corrosion resistance of soil micro-aggregate and soil nutrient content of walnut ridge, lily ridgeand jujube ridge, it was foun that soil bulk density, porosity condition and soil texture of walnut ridge were better than the other two ridges, but the composition of soil aggregates and stabilityshowed a bit weaker than lily ridge. The soil moisture conditions, soil water storage capacityand soil infiltration capacity, and soil corrosion resistance of micro-aggregates of walnut ridgewere better than lily ridge and jujube ridge. The soil and water conservation effects of walnutridge was the best in loess hilly area.(3) The main agricultural land soil and water loss prevention measures in the river valleyarea was agroforestry.Based on the contrasting analysis of soil and water conservation effect of walnut-potato,apple-corn and walnut-corn agroforestry systems, it was found that the soil bulk density,non-capillary porosity, soil infiltration properties, water-holding capacity in non-capillaryporosity, corrosion resistance of soil micro-aggregate and etc. of walnut-corn agroforestrysystem were better than the other two types. The apple-corn agroforestry system was worse inthe aspects of soil moisture content, water-holding capacity in non-capillary porosity and soilinfiltration properties. The corrosion resistance of soil micro-aggregate of walnut-potato wasworse. So the soil and water conservation effect of walnut-corn agroforestry system was thebest among the3agroforestry systems in the river valley area.In summary, the3different type areas in Zhongyang County showed differentgeomorphological features, climatic conditions, water conditions and soil vegetation, so theagricultural land soil and water loss prevention measures and land use direction were alsodifferent. The loess hilly area with fragmented surface and ravines loess had the mostagricultural land soil and water loss prevention measures, but the agricultural land soil andwater loss prevention measures of river valley area was the least with the flat ground, thick soillayer, good soil water and fertility condition. The forest and grass measures was the major soiland water loss prevention measures of agricultural land in the3different type areas, but theiremphases were different. In earth-rocky mountainous area, eco-forest of soil and waterconservation was main. In loess hilly area developed both eco-forest of soil and waterconservation and agroforestry. But in the river valley area economic forest agroforestrymeasures was important. Therefore, the appropriate soil and water loss prevention measures ofagricultural land of different areas are different, and the soil and water conservation effects ofthe same measure showed different in different areas.更多还原