【作者】 张艳丽；

【导师】 李智勇；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 生态学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 城市森林是城市系统的重要组成部分，对城市居民的健康有着积极的促进作用。本文以杭州市为例，从环境质量方面研究了四种典型城市森林类型（郊野森林、城区森林、湿地森林和居住区附属林）的生态保健功能。环境质量指标主要选取了气候舒适度、空气成分、空气负离子水平、环境噪声和紫外线辐射强度，于2012年6月至2013年4月实时同步监测，并以商业区作对照监测，在分析各指标数据的基础上，用主成分分析法和聚类分析法评价了城市森林保健功能综合指数（UFHCI），研究结果如下：1．杭州市典型城市森林环境中空气负离子浓度和空气质量在年度内具有明显的日、月、季节变化特征。（1）日变化主要呈现出单峰曲线、双峰曲线、多波动曲线和平缓线形等形式。夏季空气质量整天在较清晰和清新之间，春、秋、冬三个季节全天空气清新程度一般。（2）8月至翌年1月，空气负离子浓度和空气质量逐渐下降，至2月又呈现缓慢的上升趋势。（3）以季节而论，空气负离子浓度和空气质量夏季最高，春、秋两季次之，冬季最低。2．杭州市典型城市森林环境中氧气和二氧化碳浓度具有明显的日、月、季节变化特征。（1）氧气和二氧化碳浓度的日变化特征因季节变化的差异不大。郊野森林氧气浓度变化呈单峰曲线，其他类型的森林氧气浓度波动很小，变化趋势基本呈直线状态；二氧化碳浓度的日变化特征均表现为先上升后下降再上升的趋势。（2）6月至7月氧气浓度逐渐上升，8月份下降，之后又呈现出逐渐上升的趋势，3月至4月又开始下降；7月至次年1月二氧化碳浓度呈上升趋势，2月至4月逐渐下降。（3）以季节而论，冬季氧气和二氧化浓度最高，秋季次之，春季居中，夏季浓度最低。3．杭州市典型城市森林环境中气候舒适度具有明显的日、月、季节变化特征。（1）日变化特征因季节变化而有所差异。夏季舒适度指数呈单峰曲线的变化趋势，峰值集中在14:00，秋、冬、春三个季节季呈“U”形变化曲线，谷值集中在14:00-16:00。（2）6月份舒适度指数最低，1月份舒适度指数最高，监测期间有5个月舒适度处于较舒适标准内，初夏6月份和初秋9月份的气候最舒适，其次是8月份、10月份和4月份。（3）以季节而论，夏季人体感觉舒适的时间最长，其次为秋季和春季，冬季气温较低，人体感觉极不舒适。4．杭州市典型城市森林环境噪声具有明显的日、月、季节变化特征。（1）日变化特征白天大于夜间，中午前后噪声较高。（2）9月至10月和1月至4月的噪声较大，6月至8月和11月至12月较小。3月份的噪声值最大，8月份的噪声值最低。（3）不同城市森林类型随季节而有所差异。5．杭州市典型城市森林环境中紫外线辐射强度具有明显的日、月、季节变化特征。（1）日变化呈单峰曲线，从6:00到11:00紫外线辐射逐渐增强，11:00-13:00时为一天中最强的时段，13:00之后辐射逐渐减弱。（2）月变化规律呈单峰型分布，7月辐射强度最高，2月份最低。（3）以季节而论，夏季紫外线辐射最强，春季次之，秋季居中，冬季最低。6．不同城市森林类型保健功能与对照点代表的城市一般区域差异显著，不同类型之间的保健水平差异也显著。（1）夏秋季郊野森林空气质量明显好于湿地森林、城区森林和居住区附属林，冬季郊野森林和湿地森林的空气质量好于城区森林和居住区附属林，春季城区森林和湿地森林的空气质量好于郊野森林和居住区附属林。（2）郊野森林和湿地森林属于富氧环境的时间较长，是天然的大“氧吧”。二氧化碳浓度郊野森林最低，且春夏两季在健康范围；其次是城区森林、湿地森林和居住区附属林，均在正常水平。（3）气候舒适度指数秋季差异显著，夏、春、冬三个季节差异不显著。不同城市森林类型的舒适程度随季节变化而有所差异，由于城市热岛效应，居住区附属林秋冬季温度高于其他森林类型，因此感觉较舒适的时间较长。（4）郊野森林的噪声最低，其次是湿地森林、居住区附属林和城区森林。林地内的环境噪音等级介于国家规定的噪音等级0类水平和1类水平之间。（5）居住区附属林夏季和春季紫外辐射较弱，秋季和冬季紫外线辐射微弱，有利健康；湿地森林和城区森林秋、冬、春三个季节的紫外线辐射程度也很微弱或者弱，对健康有利。7．杭州市典型城市森林类型保健功能综合指数具有明显的日、月、季节变化特征。（1）春、秋、冬3个季节，城市森林保健功能综合指数昼夜变化趋势一致，呈单峰曲线分布，峰值集中在16:00-17:00。夏季，城市森林保健功能综合指数日变化呈V型曲线分布，早晚时刻较高，中午前后达到最低值，不同的城市森林类型出现谷值的具体时间有所不同，但总体来看在11:00-15:00之间。（2）在所有测定月份内，杭州市典型城市森林类型综合保健指数8月份最高，之后逐渐下降，1月份最低，2月至4月逐渐增加。（3）在季节分布上，综合保健指数呈现出较为显著的季节性特点，表现为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。（4）不同城市森林类型的保健功能差距较大，与植被分布和植被盛衰有密切的关系。郊野森林的综合保健指数最高，其次是湿地森林、城区森林和居住区附属林。（5）春季，上午10:00以后合适人们去城市森林休闲娱乐；夏季，郊野森林保健功能对人体有利的时间较长，且清晨9:00以前和傍晚17:00以后是人们的最佳活动时间，森林的保健功能也将得到最大的发挥。秋季，郊野森林和湿地森林在下午15:00-17:00具有较好保健功能，是最佳活动时间，对健康更有利。冬季均不具有保健效益，相对而言，郊野森林在10:00-18:00还处于人体可接受的正常范围内。夏末和初秋的保健效益最好，对健康有利。杭州市典型城市森林类型综合保健功能等级关系为：夏季>秋季>春季>冬季，一年四季郊野森林对健康更有利，其次是西湿地森林、城区森林和居住区附属林。8．空气负离子浓度受到环境中诸多因素的影响，其浓度变化是多重作用下的综合表现，不同的城市森林类型影响空气负离子含量的主导因素有所差异。（1）郊野森林空气负离子含量的提高主要受温度的控制，二氧化碳限制作用明显。（2）城区森林空气负离子的含量的提高主要受温度和二氧化碳的控制，相对湿度限制作用明显。（3）居住区附属林空气负离子的含量的提高主要受温度和氧气的控制，二氧化碳限制作用明显。（4）湿地森林空气负离子的含量的提高主要受温度的限制，风速可以起到增进作用。（5）无林地空气负离子的含量的提高主要受温度的控制，相对湿度限制作用明显。由于森林植被的影响，本研究所关注的城市森林区域生态保健因子具有明显的日变化和季节变化规律，与此同时，城市森林区域的环境质量要显著好于城市一般区域。不同的城市森林类型，由于植物群落结构和类型不同，对生态保健效益产生的影响也不同。本研究支持了城市森林保健功能的理论，可为增强其保健功能提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important part of city systems, urban forest has a positive role in promoting thehealth of urban residents. Taking Hangzhou as an example, this paper researched ecologicalhealth effects of four typical urban forests (country forest, city forest, wetland forest andsubsidiary forest in residential) through environmental quality. Thereinto, climate cormfort, aircomponent, aeroanion level, ambient noise and UV radiation intensity were researched inenvironmental quality index of urban forests, and those index were observed sustained andsynchronously from june in2012to april in2013and were compared with the general area ofthe city. On the basis of researched those indexs separately, Urban Forest HealthComprehensive Index（UFHCI）were appraised using principal component analysis and clusteranalysis. The results were as follows:1. Aeroanion concentration and air cleanliness of four typical urban forests had obviouslydaily, mouthly and seasonal variation.(1) There were several patterns of daily variations ofaeroanion concentration in different types，that were one-peak curve，double-peak curve，pulsation curve and approximate straight line. In summer, air cleanliness was between freshand slightly fresh all day long, but in spring, autumn and winter the air cleanliness was normalthroughout the day.(2) From august to the following year in january aeroanion concentrationand air cleanliness gradually decreased, then showed a slow upward trend.(3) So far as seasonswere concerned, aeroanion concentration and air cleanliness was highest in summer，then inspring and autumn, the lowest in winter.2. The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxid of four typical urban forests hadobviously daily, mouthly and seasonal variation.(1) Diurnal variation curves of oxygenconcentration in country forest showed a single peak trend throughout the day, other typesfluctuations of forest showed approximate straight line. Diurnal variation trend of carbondioxide concentration showed rising and falling then rising.(2) From june to july, oxygen concentration gradually increased, then declined in august, and later showed a gradual upwardtrend, in march began to declined again. From july to january in the following year, carbondioxide concentration gradually increased, then gradual declined in february and april.(3) Interms of seasons, the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide was highest in winter，then inautumn and spring, the lowest in summer.3. The climatic comfort of four typical urban forests had obviously daily, mouthly andseasonal variation.(1) Diurnal variations of the climate comfort in summer showed a singlepeak curve, the peaks at14:00; in spring, autumn and winter, the diurnal variations showed aU-shaped curve and the valley between14:00and16:00.(2) The climatic comfort index waslowest in january and highest in june. During the period of monitored, there were five monthsin relatively comfortable standard, the early summer in june and early autumn in septemberwere most comfortable, followed by august, october and april.(3) In terms of seasons, thelongest of body feel comfortable was in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and with lowtemperature in winter, body felt very uncomfortable.4. The environmental noise of four typical urban forests had obviously daily, mouthly andseasonal variation.(1) Diurnal variations of the environmental noise showed daytime higherthan night, and around noon the environmental noise was higher.(2) From september tooctober and from January to april the environmental noise were larger, from june to august andfrom november to december the environmental noise were smaller. The highest noise was inmarch and lowest in august.(3) Different types of urban forests varied with the seasons.5. The UV radiation intensity of four typical urban forests had obviously daily, mouthlyand seasonal variation.(1) Diurnal variations of ultraviolet radiation intensity showed a singlepeak trend, from6:00to11:00the radiation intensity gradually increased, the peak at11:00-13:00, then gradually decreased after13:00.(2) The UV radiation was lowest in july andhighest in february.(3) In terms of seasons, in summer, ultraviolet radiation intensity waslongest, followed by spring and autumn, and lowest in winter. 6. There were significant differences of ecological health effects among different types ofurban forest.(1) In summer and autumn, country forest air cleanliness was much better thanwetland forest, city forest and subsidiary forest in residential; in winter, country forest andwetland forest air cleanliness were much better than city forest and subsidiary forest inresidential; in spring, city forest and wetland forest air cleanliness were much better thancountry forest and subsidiary forest in residential.(2) The country forest oxygen-richness washighest, followed by wetland forest, subsidiary forest in residential and city forest. About theconcentration of carbon dioxide, country forest was lowest, followed by wetland forest, cityforest and subsidiary forest in residential.(3) In summer, the country forest mad people feelmore comfort. In autumn, subsidiary forest in residential was more comfort, secondly inwetland forest and country forest, city forest felt uncomfortable; In winter, four types of forestwere not feel comfortable. In spring, subsidiary forest in residential was more comfortable,wetland forest, city forest and country forest were not comfortable.(4) The noise was lowest incountry forest, followed by wetland forest, city forest and subsidiary forest.(5) Country forestultraviolet radiation was strongest, followed by the residential subsidiary forest, urban forest,and wetland forest.7. The UFHCI of four typical urban forests had obviously daily, mouthly and seasonalvariation.(1) In spring, autumn and winter, the diurnal variation showed a single peak curve,the peak was between16:00and17:00. In summer, diurnal variation of UFHCI showed aV-shaped curve, the valley mainly between11:00and15:00.(2) In all measured months, theUFHCI was highest in august, then decreased gradually, the lowest in january, and graduallyincreased in the february and april.(3) In terms of seasons, UFHCI showed summer> autumn>spring> winter.(4) There were significant difference of UFHCI among different types of urbanforest, having a close relationship with vegetation distribution. It showed that country forestwas much better than wetland forest, city forest and subsidiary forest in residential.(5) Inspring, its suitable people for leisure and entertainment in urban forest after10:00in themorning; in summer, country forest had a long time of health beneficial to human body, early in the morning before9:00and after17:00in the evening is the best activity time. In autumn,in the afternoon from15:00to17:00country forest and wetland forest was the best activitytime and good with health. In winter, urban forest had no health benefits, relatively speaking,the country forest was still in the acceptable normal range for human body from10:00to18:00.Comprehensive health beneficial of typical urban forest in Hangzhou was summer> autumn>spring> winter.Throughout the year, country forest was better for health, followed by cityforest, wetland forest and subsidiary forest in residential.8. Aeroanion was influenced by environmental factors, its concentration was integratedunder the multiple roles, and different forest had different dominant factors.(1) The aeroanionof country forest mainly controlled by temperature, and significantly limited by carbon dioxide.(2) The aeroanion of city forest increase mainly controlled by temperature and carbon dioxide,and significantly limited by relative humidity.(3) The aeroanion of subsidiary forest inresidential increased mainly controlled by temperature and oxygen, apparently limited bycarbon dioxide.(4) The aeroanion of wetland forest mainly limited by temperature, wind speedcould play a promoting role.(5) The aeroanion concentration improved of non-forest landmainly limited by temperature, obviously limited by relative humidity.Due to the impact of the forest vegetation, the ecological health factor of urban forest hadsignificant daily and seasonal variation，at the same time, the environmental quality of urbanforest space was better than that of urban generally environment. Different urban forest type,plant community structure and type had different impact on the ecological health benefits.更多还原