【作者】 程钢；

【导师】 谢丽；

【作者基本信息】 石河子大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 石河子垦区位于天山北坡经济带中部，过去60年的农业开发与经济发展是天山北麓乃至整个新疆绿洲发展的缩影。60年间，垦区在一片荒漠和天然绿洲中建立起一个现代化的新型农业区，发展成为一个南接天山、北达古尔班通古特沙漠的大型绿洲经济带，成为建国后新疆后开垦建设的最大的新绿洲之一。期间，玛纳斯河流域水土资源得到全面开发，垦荒者们从内陆地区带来了先进的耕作技术，引进了优良生物物种，较显著地改变了流域的生物结构，与开发前相比，总生物量大大增加，社会经济取得了前所未有的空前发展。伴随着农业开发的进行，石河子绿洲生态环境也发生了深刻的变化，大片荒漠和荒漠草原被开发成为耕地，人工绿洲替代了广袤的荒漠和天然绿洲，过去分散的古老绿洲斑块联结成片，绿洲面积大幅扩张；与此同时，由于不合理的开发方式，绿洲外缘也出现了荒漠化的趋势，并带来了盐渍化、尾闾湖干涸、生物多样性减少、土地污染、湿地减少、水土流失加剧等一系列生态环境问题，严重威胁着绿洲农业可持续发展。农业开发改变了绿洲农业生态系统结构，土地利用方式也发生了明显变化，其中耕地、园地、水域、建设用地不同程度地增加，林地先减少后增加，总体保持平衡，牧草地明显减少。生态系统结构改变引起系统功能发生了明显变化，研究结果表明，1958-2010年间，石河子绿洲生态功能明显改善，其生态系统服务功能价值由14.64亿元增加到26.18亿元，52年间增加了78.81%，各项单项服务功能价值也呈不同程度的增加，总趋势持续上升。进一步研究表明，这一时期石河子绿洲生态、经济协调发展，但总体上却呈下降趋势，目前已接近临界，绿洲生态环境安全形势严峻，调整农业生产结构与土地利用方式，迫在眉睫。研究发现，过去60年来石河子绿洲农业生态系统结构与功能的变化主要是基于水资源的开发利用，水是绿洲存在和演变的关键因素，其利用方式和水平决定了绿洲农业开发的广度和深度。但就绿洲目前的现实情况来看，地表水资源的开发几近极限，今后该区绿洲农业开发的方向应该是：在进一步完善高效节水灌溉农业的基础上，积极调整绿洲农业生产结构与产业布局，增粮减棉，扩草兴牧，扩园植林，促进农牧结合，优化绿洲土地利用，实现绿洲农业的可持续发展。为保障农业开发顺利进行，提出以下措施：创新农地制度，保障生态用水，建立生态补偿机制，创新绿洲农业技术体系，构建绿色GDP核算体系，建立环境税收制度，保护资源合理利用，协调兵地关系，实现垦区农业资源的高效利用以及绿洲农业的可持续发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shihezi reclamation zone is located in middle of Northern Economic Zone of TianshanMontains, the comprehensive development of agriculture and Economic development inpast60years is North foot of TianShan Mountain, even to the whole oasis in Xinjiang inminiature. During60years, a modernized new pattern agriculture region is established in awilderness and the natural oasis in ShiheZi reclamation zone, which developed into alarge-scale Oasis Economic Zone which south one to meet Tianshan north reaches theGurbantonggute desert, which becomes the biggest new reclaimed and constructed oasis inXinjiang since the People’s Republic of China (PRC) founded. In this period, Manasi rivervalley water-land resources be brought into fullest development, the land reclamation personshave brought the advanced culivation technique from the interior area, introduced the finebiological species, changed the basin biological structure; Compares with the developmentbefore, total biomass big increased, the social economy has obtained the unprecedenteddevelopment which never happened before.With agricultural developing, The Shihezi oasis ecological environment has alsochanged deepenly, big piece wilderness and wilderness prairie is developed into the farming,Artificial oasis has substituted the past wilderness and the natural oasis, dispersed the past ineach place ancient oasis joint Large expanse of, oasis area expanded largely; meanwhile, as aresult of the unrational development way, the oasis outflow boundary also appeared the trendsof desertification, also produced a series of ecological environment questions, such as soilsalination、lower reaches dried up、living things variety reduced、soil pollution、wetlanddecreased、water and soil loss aggravated, is threatening the oasis agriculture sustainabledevelopment seriously。The agricultural development changed the oasis agriculture ecosystem structure, the landutilization way has also changed obviously, farming、the field、the waters、 the constructionuse the varying degree increased, and the forest land first reduced then increased, but keepbalance in total, the pastures reduced obviously. The function depends on the structure, thesystem function has also changed obviously, research report indicated, from1958to2010,ShiSheZi ecological function improved obviously， ecosystem service value assumes theconstant rise tendency, increased78.81%during52years from1.464billion Yuan in1952to2.618billion Yuan, each single item service function value also assumes the varying degreethe increase. Further research indicating, Shihezi oasis ecology, economical coordinateddevelopment in this period, but assumes the drop tendency as a whole, at present already close critical, the oasis ecological environment security situation is stern, adjustingagricultural production structure and land utilization way, extremely urgent.Scientific research discovered, oasis agriculture ecosystem structure and the functionchanges mainly was as a result of the water resources developed and utilized in the past60years, the water is the key factor of the oasis existence and the evolution, which the breadthand depth of the oasis agriculture development is up to the way and the level of the waterutilization. But in the view of the present realistic situation of the oasis, the development ofsurface water resources several near it’s limits, the direction of next oasis agriculturedevelopment should be: on the basis of further improving the highly effective irrigation ofsaving water, adjusting the oasis agricultural production structure and the industrial layoutpositively, increasing the grain and reducing the cotton and kapok, expanding the grass andflourishing the herd, expanding the garden and planting the forest, promoting combination ofagriculture and animal husbandry, optimizing oasis land utilization, realizing oasis agriculturesustainable development.In order to safeguard the agricultural development to carry on smoothly, put forwardfollowing measures: Innovating farmland system, Safeguarding ecology water used,establishing ecology ecological compensation mechanism, innovating oasis agriculturaltechnology system, constructing green GDP calculation system, setting up environment taxrevenue system, protecting the reasonable utilization of the resources, harmonizing betweenXinjiang production and Construction Corps (XPCC) and Xinjiang Uygur AutonomousRegion government, realizing the highly effective use of the resources of the reclamation areaagriculture and the sustainable development of the Oases Agriculture.更多还原