【作者】 白小丽；

【导师】 王元鹿；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 纳西东巴文是我国纳西族民间宗教人士东巴使用的一种书写符号,主要用于书写宗教祭辞和仪式。东巴文保留了丰富的早期文字现象,是目前仍在使用着的一种活态文字,且东巴文的发展演变没有经过人为干扰,能客观真实地反映文字在记录语言过程中缓慢发展的历时状态。这对研究人类文字的形成与发展有着巨大的价值。本文在已有研究的基础上,全面以文献原典所提供的材料为依据,从文字单位与语言单位对应关系的角度,去探寻东巴文字符的发展轨迹和演变规律。本文共八章,第一章为绪论,第二、三章为理论准备章,第四至七章为本文研究的重点,第八章为结论。第一章“绪论”。首先交代选题缘由及研究的目的与意义；其次对本文研究所涉及到的相关研究进行了较为全面的综述；然后介绍了研究思路、研究方法和研究步骤；最后对研究材料以及相关引文格式作了说明。第二章“东巴文文字单位及其演变序列的考察”。首先,梳理并评述东巴文文字单位已有研究状况,分析了东巴文文字单位研究存在的不足,进一步提出本文研究的设想；其次,在以往对文献断代的尝试性研究基础上,探索了考察东巴文字符演变序列的方法；然后,通过总结考察字符演变序列的方法,对研究材料进行恰当的选择,并整理出本文所涉及到的主要文献材料的基本信息。第三章“东巴文文字单位与所对应语言单位关系概述”。该章分别举例阐述了单字、准合文、合文这三种文字单位与所对应语言单位之间的关系,为后面各章论述文字单位与语言单位对应关系演变作好铺垫。第四章“东巴文文字单位由对应语段向对应语词的发展变化”。首先,论述了东巴文文字单位所使用的表意符号由对应语段向对应语词变化的过程中需要经过整合以进行自我调整；其次,重新探讨了语境异体字的实质,推论出这一结论：语境异体字实际上是部分东巴文由对应语段向对应语词发展过程中的产物,是对应语段表意符号进化不彻底的结果；然后,阐述了假借在东巴文文字单位由对应语段向对应语词演变过程中的重要职能和作用。第五章“东巴文合文的形成及发展趋势”。尤其对合文的形成原因有了更加全面深入的认识和了解,论证了合文是因文字内部记录语言单位发展的需要和文字外部语篇书写环境的影响所造成的。第六章“东巴文单字的定型”。东巴文表示语词的单字符号要实现定型,不仅要定量,而且要定形。单字定型化的发展主要体现在五大方面：一是单字符号的类化,二是形近字混用,三是产生同形字,四是假借符号的定型,五是单字定型的外化标志。第七章“东巴文表音化的发展趋势”。该章从附加音补的普遍性、假借的大量使用和特殊记音方式的使用等三个方面较为系统地论述了东巴文表音化的发展趋势。可以看出,东巴文的发展不仅仅局限于表示语词,还要追求对语音记录的准确性。第八章“结束语”。首先归纳并阐释了本文所使用的文字学术语,并且对文字单位与文字符号、准合文与会意字,意音结构与形声字这三组重要术语的区别与联系进行了归纳总结,最后归纳并总结了全文的主要观点。附录为“东巴文用例分域整理表”。本文创新之处主要体现在以下几点：1.全面大量地使用第一手文献材料,改变了以往习惯于大量使用字词典等二手材料的做法。2.突破了从结构去分析东巴文的传统,选取从文字单位与语言单位对应关系变化的研究视角,对东巴文发展演变进行历时考察。3.尝试全面系统地总结了从文献的绝对时间先后和相对时间先后去考察东巴文字符演变序列的判定方法。4.重新分析了几组文字学术语,尤其区分了文字单位与文字符号、准合文与会意字、形声字与意音结构等三组术语,对东巴文合文提出了新的判定标准。5.对东巴文发展过程中的诸多文字现象进行了比以往研究更为深入细致的理论分析,如语境异体字、双声符、音补、形近字混用、同形字等理论问题。6.尝试系统论证了各文字单位之间的联系性。如东巴文在表意方式下对应语段的包蕴式文字单位(包括包蕴式单字和准合文)通过整合的方式发展为对应语词的单字、准合文发展为合文、合文发展为单字。7.实现了首次对东巴文表音化的发展趋势的系统认知。从音补和纯假借符号的普遍使用,到过度表音的双声符和对表音方式加以灵活运用而产生的反切现象,它们都体现出东巴文表音化的倾向渐趋明显。更多还原

【Abstract】 Naxi Dongba script is a writing symbol system that is used by religious Naxi folk for writing religious ritual. So far now, Dongba script keeps rather rich early stage writing phenomena, which is still an active script in use nowadays. The development of Dongba script is naturally free without any man-made interference, and it can more clearly and objectively embody the slow development of recording language, which is of great value to study the early writing’s formation and development.Based on the previous research, this dissertation makes a full use of first-hand literature materials and explores the developing traces and evolving rules from the perspective of the corresponding relationship between writing units and linguistic units.This dissertation is consisted of eight chapters. Chapter One is an introduction. Chapter Two and Three are the theoretic foundation for this study. The focal part is from Chapter Four to Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight is a conclusion.Chapter One is an introduction. Firstly, it presents the causes of topic selection, research purpose and significance. Secondly, comprehensive literature review on the relevant studies is given. Thirdly, it introduces this study’s methods and steps. Finally, it gives an explanation of the relevant materials and quotation’s formats.Chapter Two studies the writing units of Dongba script and its evolving sequence. Firstly, it sorts out the writing units of Dongba script and comments on the previous research. While it analyzes some shortcomings of the previous research, and then presents this study’s tentative plan. Secondly, it explores the methods of evolving sequence of Dongba characters with the basis of previous tentative research on literature dating. Thirdly, based on the examining methods of the sequence of the characters’development, makes a proper selection of materials and then sorts out the basic information of the main literature’s materials.Chapter Three gives a general overview of the relationship between the writing units and its corresponding linguistic units of Dongba script. Then, it elaborates the single character, quasi-compound graph, and compound graph respectively, and its corresponding linguistic units, which lay a basis for the evolution of the corresponding relationship between the writing units and its linguistic units.Chapter Four mainly discusses the development of included writing units from the corresponding segments to words. Firstly, it elaborates that when using the mode of ideograph, the logographic sign in the writing units of Dongba script needs to integrate for auto regulation during the corresponding segments to words. Secondly, it tries to explore the essence of the contextual variant graphs, and then concludes that the contextual variant graphs is production of some Dongba script’s development from the corresponding segments to corresponding words and is the outcome of the incomplete evolution of segments’signs. Thirdly, it fully elaborates the important functions of phonetic borrowing in the process of Dongba writing units evolution from the corresponding segments to the corresponding words.Chapter Five mainly discusses the formation of compound graphs of Dongba script and its developing trend, with the deeper and fuller understanding for its formation causes.Chapter Six gives an analysis of finalizing single characters of the corresponding words in Dongba script. If single characters expressing words in Dongba script need to finalize, it requires both definite quantity and fixed shapes. The development of single characters’finalization is mainly reflected from the following five aspects:the first is generalization of single characters; the second is the mixed use of these characters whose forms are very close; the third is generation of homographs; the fourth is finalization of phonetic-loan characters; the fifth is exteriorization marks of single characters’finalization.Chapter Seven discusses systematically the developing trend of phonemization of Dongba script. Dongba script not only expresses the words but also pursues the accuracy of the pronunciation recording.Chapter Eight draws the conclusion of this study. Firstly, it gathers and explains the writing terms used in this dissertation, and more importantly, it summarizes and explains the differences and connections between writing units and writing signs, quasi-compound graph and semasiography, semantic-phonetic compounds and picto-phonetic character. Finally, it concludes the main viewpoints in this dissertation.Appendix:A Table of Areal Sorting of Dongba Script’s Examples.In short, the innovation of the dissertation lies in the following:1. This research almost employs the first-hand materials in a large number to study Dongba script, which can avoid the inconvenience of using the second-hand materials, like dictionaries.2. It breaks through the tradition of studying the Dongba script from the structure and takes the perspective of the changing corresponding relationship between the writing units and linguistic units to give a diachronic study of Dongba script’s evolution.3. It summarizes the judging methods of the evolution on sequence of Dongba Character comprehensively and systematically from the perspective of absolute time order and relative time order of the documents.4. It re-analyzes several groups of philology terms and distinguishes writing units and writing signs, quasi-compound graph and semasiography, picto-phonetic character and semantic-phonetic compounds. And it proposes new judging criterion of compound graph of Dongba script.5. It deeply analyzes the theories of the writing phenomena in the development process of Dongba script, such as the contextual variant graphs, double-phonetic signs, phonetic complement signs, the mixing of similar Dongba characters, homographs and so on.6. It systematically demonstrates the relation of the writing units. For example, the included writing units (including the included single character and quasi-compound graph) in the corresponding segments, developed into the single characters by integration. quasi-compound graphs developed into compound graphs, and compound graphs developed into single characters.7. It is the first time to systematically study the development trend of Dongba script phonemization. As for the general use of phonetic complement and complete phonetic-loan sign, the double-phonetic sign which is the manifestation of the over-recording the phonetic, and Fanqie which is created by the flexible use of the way of recording the phone, all of them embodies the increasing tendency of phonemization of Dongba script.更多还原