【作者】 霍堂斌；

【导师】 于洪贤；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 自然保护区学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 近年来,随着嫩江流域社会经济的快速发展,流域城市建设、工业布局、引水工程、农业灌溉、初具规模,但同时流域的生态问题也日益突出。由于人类对水资源、生物资源的开发利用强度的日益加剧,嫩江下游水生生物多样性受到严重威胁。另外,关于嫩江下游鱼类、底栖动物、浮游生物等方面的研究资料相对匮乏,同时,水生生物生物完整性也是河流生态系统健康评价指标体系中,非常重要的指标之一,为了有效地保护嫩江下游水生生物物种资源,保证其资源的可持续利用和环境的健康发展,开展水生生物多样性方面的研究是十分必要的。本研究2011年分5月、7月、9月、10月开展浮游生物、底栖动物和鱼类调查,2012年分5月、7月、9月继续开展底栖动物和鱼类调查。调查期间,嫩江干流下游共采集浮游植物201种属,其中硅藻门种类最多为92种属。浮游植物平均数量和生物量分别为146.41×104ind/L、1.7737mg/L。从全年平均来看,浮游植物生物多样性丰富；浮游动物共采集69种属,其中轮虫种类最多为40种属。浮游动物平均数量和生物量分别为1322.15ind/L、0.6763mg/L。浮游动物多样性较好,Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson指数呈明显一致性,均是春季最高,秋季最低；共采集底栖动物151种,其中水生昆虫种类最多为114种。优势种有秀丽白虾、黑龙江短沟蜷和圆顶珠蚌3种,重要种类30种。底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为37.40ind/m2.3.94g/m2。各功能摄食类群中,刮食者种类最多为52种。K-优势曲线与多样性指数,分析结果相吻合,嫩江下游底栖动物多样性表现为春季>夏季>秋季；共采集鱼类60种,占嫩江下游鱼类总数的81.08%。列入《中国濒危动物红皮书·鱼类》的鱼类仅雷氏七鳃鳗1种。底层鱼类平均密度为66.04ind/m3,平均生物量为178.63g/m3.相对重要性指数(IRI)值排在前5位的鱼类占了全部尾数的70.02%。底层鱼类优势种中除银鲫和鲇外,其他种类均为小型鱼类,其平均体重均小于30g。嫩江下游底层鱼类群落多样性指数偏低,表明了嫩江下鱼类群落优势种群的单一化和小型化,渔业资源质量总体下滑,鱼类个体小型化趋势明显。本文在充分调查、分析嫩江下游生态环境现状以及变化趋势的基础上,根据现有的技术水平和监测能力,建立了涵盖水生生物、水质、水文水资源、河岸带物理结构及社会服务功能等方面的综合评价指标体系,其中指标层包括17项指标,要素层包括8项指标,并确定各层次及各项指标的评价和赋分标准。基于博弈论的组合赋权法得到河流健康评价指标体系的最终权重值。对构建的河流生态系统健康评价指标体系对嫩江下游进行实例应用。河流健康评估采用分级指标评分法,逐级加权,综合评分。对6个河段的评价结果表明,尼尔基坝址～同盟段为不健康状态,其余河段均处于健康状态,光荣村～洮儿河出口河段赋分最高为77.46分。为准确、客观地反映嫩江下游河流健康状况。在对水生生物、水质、水文水资源、河岸物理结构等4个准则层河流层面赋分时,各河段断面尺度及河段尺度的准则层及指标采用河段长度加权,进行河流的赋分计算。最终计算出嫩江下游(尼尔基至三岔河口段)河流健康评估指数为68.09分,该河流属于健康状况。根据嫩江下游健康状况和主要影响因素进行评价,提出嫩江下游生态系统健康评价中存在的问题,针对存在的生态问题,从加强嫩江下游生态综合管理；规范人类开发活动,减轻水生态系统压力；保护重要生态敏感区与修复受损生态系统等3方面提出相应的对策和建议。同时提出“嫩江大安段乌苏里拟鲿国家级水产种质资源保护区”和“嫩江镇赉段国家级水产种质资源保护区”的生态的保护措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, the city construction, industrial layout, abstraction works and agricultural irrigation have begun to take shape with the rapid development of social economy in Nengjiang River basin, but at the same time, the ecological issues are becoming increasingly prominent. The biodiversity of hydrobios suffered serious threat in the downstream of Nenjiang River, because of the increasingly sharpen of development and utilization strength to water resource and biological resources. In addition, the research data of fishes, zoobenthos and plankton were relative lack, and hydrobios index of biotic integrity was one of the very important indicators in the river ecosystem health evaluation. In order to effectively protect the aquatic species resources of the Nenjiang River and ensure the sustainable use of resources and the healthy development of environment, it was very necessary to carry out the research of aquatic biodiversity.An investigation of plankton, zoobenthos and fishes were conducted in May, July, September, and October in2011, and the investigation of zoobenthos and fishes were carried out in May, July and September in2012. A total of201phytoplankton species were collected, among which the species number of Bacillariophyta was the largest (92species). The average quantity and biomass of phytoplankton were146.41×104ind/L and1.7737mg/L, respectively, and the biodiversity of phytoplankton was abundant from the view of annual average. A total of69zooplankton species were sampled, and the species number of rotifer was the most (40species). The average quantity and biomass of zooplankton were1322.15ind/L and0.6763mg/L, respectively. The diversity of zooplankton was better, and the trend of Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson diversity index was consistent. The diversity of zooplankton was the highest in spring and was the lowest in autumn.151zoobenthos species were collected, and the maximum species number was aquatic insects with114species. The dominant species were Palaemon modestus, Semisulcospira amurensis and Unio dougladiae, and there were30important species. The average density and biomass of phytoplankton were37.40ind/m、3.94g/m2, respectively. The species number of epigrowth feeders was the most with52species in all functional feeding groups. The results of K-dominant curves analysis were consistent with the diversity index. The diversity index of zoobenthos was the highest in spring, followed by summer and autumn in the downstream of Nenjiang River.60fish species were sampled, which account for81.08%of the total fish species in the downstream of Nenjiang River. Only one species Lampetra reissneri (Dybowski) was included in the "China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals-Pisces". The average density and biomass of demersal fishes were66.04ind/m3and178.63g/m3, respectively. Index of relative importance (IRI) value of the top five fish accounted for70.02%of all mantissa. In addition to Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) and Silurus asotus (Linnaeus), the other dominant species were small fishes, and the average body weight was less than30g. The community diversity index of demersal fish was lower in the downstream of Nenjiang River, which indicated the community dominant populations was single and miniaturized, the overall quality of fisheries resources declined, and miniaturization offish individuals was obvious.The state of ecological environment and trend of the downstream of Nenjiang River were fully study. An integrated evaluation index system covering hydrobios, water quality, hydrology and water resources, the physical structure of river banks and social service functions, and so on, according to the existing level of technology and monitoring capabilities. Among which index layer included17indicators and element layer included8indicators, and the evaluation and scoring criterion of each layer and indicators was established. The final weight values for river health assessment index system was get using combination weighting method based on game theory. The practicability of above river ecosystem health assessment index system was verified with the downstream of Nenjiang River health assessment as a case study. The grading index scoring, progressively weighted and comprehensive score were adopted in river health assessment. The results suggested the Nierji dam to Tongmen river section belong to unhealthy state, the other river sections belong to health state, and the scoring of Guangrong village to the export of Taoer River was the highest with77.46score. In order to accurately and objectively reflect the river health status of Nenjiang River, the length weight was adopted in scoring hydrobios, water quality, hydrology and water resources, the physical structure of river banks. The final river health assessment index was68.09score in the downstream of Nenjiang River, and this river section belong to healthy state. The existing problems of ecosystem health assessment in the downstream of Nenjiang River were proposed based on the health status and main factors, and corresponding countermeasures and suggestions including strengthening the ecological management, regulating human development activities to reduce the pressure of the water ecosystem and protecting important ecologically sensitive areas and recovering impaired ecosystem were proposed. The ecological protection measures were proposed on "national aquatic germ plasm protection areas of Pelteobagrus ussuriensis (Dybowski) in Daan river section of Nenjiang River" and "national aquatic germ plasm protection areas of Zhenlai river section of Nenjiang River"更多还原