陕南商洛客家方言岛研究

【作者】 付新军；

【导师】 邢向东；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 商洛地处陕西东南部、秦岭南麓。这里的地形结构复杂,素有“八山一水一分田”之称。在这个高耸的秦巴大山深处散落着一些客家村落。这些客家人基本都是在清朝前期由广东迁移至此的,至今已有二三百年的时间。从开始来到商洛算起,多数客民都已经传衍十代以上,难能可贵的是这里的客民依旧可以说较流利的客家话,当地人称为“广东话”。不过由于商洛客家话与本地话长期接触,现在已经或正在发生变化,一些客家方言的语言特征正在逐渐磨损、消失,珍贵的陕南客家方言语料急需尽快调查研究。本文选取了8个客家村落作为商洛客家方言岛的代表点进行调查研究,以语音、词汇的调查为主,同时也兼顾语法,旨在展现商洛客家方言的语言面貌,并通过与中古、其他客家方言和商州本地话的比较,从历时和共时两方面讨论了商洛客家方言的演变规律和语言特点。第1章为绪论。该章首先根据相关历史资料介绍了商洛的历史地理及语言状况,综述了商洛客家方言的研究现状,说明了本文研究的内容、价值和方法,最后介绍了方言点的选择标准和发音人情况。第2章根据笔者的实地走访,详细地介绍了目前所知的商洛客家人的分布及源流情况。第3章选取罗湾、闫坪、川明、西联、蓝家湾、西北沟、肖台和安乐等八个客家村落作为商洛客家方言岛的代表点,重点描写了各地的音系,呈现商洛客家方言的语音面貌。第4章选取商洛客家方言语音特征保留最好的罗湾方言,在字音、词汇调查的基础上整理出罗湾方言同音字汇,全面展现罗湾方言的语音面貌。第5章从声韵调三个方面将商洛客家方言音系与中古音进行比较,旨在揭示古今演变的规律,展现商洛客家方言的语音特点。第6章将商洛客家方言与其他客家方言做语音方面的全面比较,旨在客家方言的大背景下观察二三百年后商洛客家方言对客家方言基本特点的保留和后来的创新演变。第7章讨论商洛客家方言的一些语音变化。长期受本地话和普通话的影响,商洛客家方言己具有了一定的混合特征,一些语音变化明显是受本地话影响后的结果。本章选取声韵调共10条较明显受本地话影响后所产生的语音变化进行讨论,旨在揭示形成今商洛客家方言语音特点的共时原因以及预计其未来的演变方向。第8章是商洛客家方言词汇方面的调查研究。本文总共调查了1600条词目在八个商洛客家方言点的说法。首先比较了其内部的异同,结果表明商洛客家方言词汇内部的一致性是相当强的；其次将商洛客家话(罗湾、肖台)词汇和广东客家话(五华、河源、梅县)词汇及本地话(商州、西安)词汇进行了比较分析,旨在考察今商洛客家方言词汇的混合性质。结果表明商洛客家话的词汇主要来自于广东客家话的承继和商州本地话的渗透,在商洛客家方言内部,其词汇演变则呈现出不平衡性的特点。第9章简单介绍了商洛客家方言的语法特点,重点描写介绍一些具有客家方言特点的语法现象。由于各地语法差异不大,所以主要以罗湾话为描写介绍的重点,其他地方如有特别的语法现象则随文指出。最后罗列了70条语法例句在罗湾方言的说法。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shangluo is located in the southeast of Shaanxi and the south of Qinling.Its topographic structure is very complicated, so it is named "eight mountain one river one field", where some Hakka villages sit. Basically these Hakka people immigrated from Guangdong province in the early Qing Dynasty. They have ever lived here for two hundred or three hundred years,and most Hakka people have ever multiplied more than ten generations. Commendablely these Hakka people can still speak Hakka dialect fluently,which is named as "Guangdong dialect" by the local people.However, because of contacting with the local dialects chronically,Shangluo Hakka dialect has already changed or is changing now. Some Hakka dialect language features are abrasing or disappearing generally,these precious southern Shaanxi’s Hakka dialects are worth being investigated and researched peremptorily. This paper selects eight Hakka villages as Shangluo Hakka dialect island’s representative spots and makes dependent investigation and research.The research is focused on phonetics and vocabulary,also gives consideration to grammar. It aims for exhibiting the language appearances of Shangluo Hakka dialect.The paper also discusses the evolution laws and language features of Shangluo Hakka dialect from both diachronic and synchronic aspects by comparing with mediaeval Chinese, other Hakka dialects and Shangzhou local language.The1st chapter serves as an introduction.This chapter firstly gives an introduction to Shangluo’s geographical background, the origin and devepment,as well as the general situation of Shangluo’s dialects, and further provides a brief comment about the existing research on Shangluo Hakka dialact, and then gives an introduction to the research’s content,significance and methodology,as well as the standard of choosing representative dialect spots and the interviewers’s situation at last.The2st chapter gives an introduction to Shangluo Hakka’s situation of distribution,origin and development detailedly according to the author’s interviews, which are known currently.The3st chapter selects eight villages,Luowan,Yanping,Chuanming,Xilian, Lanjiawan, Xibeigou,Xiaotai and Anle as representative dialect spots, makes a description of the phonological pattern and shows Shangluo Hakka dialect’s phonetic appearances.The4st chapter sorts out Luowan dialect’s syllabary on the basis of the investigation of words’phonetics and vocabulary,in order to show Luowan dialect’s phonetic appearances roundly.It reserves Hakka dialect’s phonetic features thorouly.The5st chapter maks a comparison between Shangluo Hakka dialect phonetics and mediaeval Chinese phonology from three aspects (initial, final and tone), in order to reveal the phonetics evolution laws from mediaeval times to now and show Shangluo Hakka dialect’s phonetic features.The6st chapter makes a comparison between Shangluo Hakka dialect and other Hakka dialects in the matter of phonetics, in order to inspect Shangluo Hakka dialect’s basic Hakka dialect features and subsequent creative evolution after two hundred or three hundred years in a big context of Hakka dialects.The7st chapter makes a discussion of some Shangluo Hakka dialect’s phonetic changes. Due to the chronical influences of the local language and mandarin, some mixed features have already occurred in Shangluo Hakka dialect to a certain extent.Many changed phonetic phenomena showed up due to the influences of the local language obviously.This chapter selects ten changed phonetic phenomena of initial, final and tone and makes a discussion,in order to reveal the diachronic reasons of forming Shangluo Hakka dialect phonetic features and forecast its evolution directions in the future.The8st chapter presents a research on Shangluo Hakka dialect’s vocabulary.This chapter does a a survey for one thousand and six hundred words’s parlances in the eight Shangluo Hakka dialects, then the author makes a comparison between those dialects. The results show that the coherence in the Shangluo Hakka dialects’vocabulary is very strong.The author then makes a comparison between Shangluo Hakka dialects (Luowan,Xiaotai),Guangdong Hakka dialects(Wuhua,Heyuan,Meixian), and the local dialects(Shangzhou,Xi’an),in order to inspect the mixed property of Shangluo Hakka dialects’ vocabulary. The results show that Shangluo Hakka dialects’ vocabulary mainly derives from the inheritance of Guangdong Hakka dialects and the osmosis of Shangzhou local language,and the vocabulary evolution showes an imbalance feature in Shangluo Hakka dialects.The9st chapter makes a brief introduction to Shangluo Hakka dialect’s grammar features, describes and introduces some grammar phenomena bearing Hakka dialect’s features.Due to the vague grammar differences, the paper emphases on description and introduction of Luowan Hakka dialect, simultaneously points out some special grammar phenomena in other Shangluo Hakka dialects as well.In the end the chapter makes a list of seventy grammar example sentence expresses of Luowan dialect.更多还原