汉代文学中的神话研究

【作者】 张华；

【导师】 张新科；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 汉代文学在中国文学发展史上具有承前启后的关键作用,文学的许多新变肇源于此。其中有大两类内容在汉代文学中体现尤为突出：一为经学；一为神话。汉代文学中的神话在与经学“尚质”文学观的交融与背离之中,凸显了文学作为文学本身的特点与魅力。汉代文学中的神话是中国古典神话的重要组成部分。汉代文学中神话的新变是对原始神话重新建构的过程,同时也是对汉代文化的重构。正是由于汉代文学中神话的润色、加工和定型,中国神话才成为中国文学中熠熠生辉的一部分。汉代文学中的神话进一步开拓了文学创作的空间,丰富了文学的题材内容及表现方式,甚至影响到后世文人的思维方式、情感寄托乃至价值取向。目前,学界对于汉代经学与文学关系问题的研究,成果丰硕,而对于汉代文学中神话的研究则相对薄弱。本文旨在就这一问题进行相对系统的探究,以期对汉代文学与文化研究有所补益。全文除绪论以外,共分七章,具体内容简要概括如下：第一章主要对汉代文学中神话的文化渊源进行了分析。认为上古神话和谐观念影响了汉代宇宙观,并对汉代神学体系的建立产生了重要影响。汉代文学中的神话继承了经传中神话历史化、神话怪异记载及神话夸饰成分,并且受到了诸子的广泛影响。如墨子的鬼神信仰、诸子传闻记录、《庄子》《列子》的虚构手法与游仙主题、纵横夸饰文风等,诸子的进化神话观也影响了汉代文学对于神话的认识。此外,汉代以燕齐文化、巫楚文化为代表的各地神秘文化也为文学中神话场景的描写营造了文化氛围,但汉代神秘文化的渊源并没有南北文化的分野,可以追溯到殷商神秘文化。第二章主要对汉代文学中的神话产生的时代背景进行了探讨。首先,汉代统治者采用神道设教的手段,将神话作为大一统政权的隐喻和象征以及文化建构的一部分。大量的帝王天命神话在汉代产生,并呈现出与先秦迥然不同的面貌。汉代谶纬经学的盛行,使得博士文人群体借助谶纬重新建构以“太一”为中心的神系,并促进了汉代符瑞文化的繁荣。汉代博士文人群体对经书的过度阐释,进一步推动了历史神话化进程,其对先秦及同代典籍的整理、注释具有收集、保存神话之功。此外,神仙信仰作为汉代社会颇为盛行的一种生存状态,对文学中的神话也产生了重要影响,主要体现在求仙思想和祛灾求福两个方面。第三章对汉代文学中神话产生的动因与旨归进行了说明。认为汉代兴废继绝的文化建构以及雅好博物的时代风尚推动了文学中神话记载的大量出现,而文学中神话描写的目的主要体现在追古颂今与聊寄吾心两个方面,分别以封禅和游仙为代表。第四章对汉代文学中神话的生成与摹拟进行了分析。认为汉代繁琐、频仍的庙堂祭祀与民间祭祀为文学中神话的产生提供了良好契机。在汉代文学摹拟创作风气的影响下,文学中神话的摹拟创作促进了类似文学作品中神话记载的不断出现,主要以骚体、汉赋及乐府中的神话摹拟为代表。第五章从虚构与真实、感性与理性、文学与文化等方面对汉代文学中的神话进行多维审视。认为汉代史传文学中的神话虚构与其“实录”精神相互促进,是史家“传神”手法的体现,进一步影响到了汉代的历史传说观念。在“爱奇”倾向的影响下,汉代文学中的神话开拓了文学的情感表现领域,而神话所体现的“致用”原则则是对理性精神的复归。此外,汉代文学中的神话还影响了文学创作的主题、表述方式以及文化依托。第六章对汉代文学中神话的发展特征及文化嬗变进行了梳理。认为汉代文学中的神话体现了神话与历史的双向互动及谶纬化、世俗化、仙话化的发展特征,并经历了从神巫文化到史官文化、从本儒用道到亦儒亦道的文化嬗变历程。第七章探讨了汉代文学中的神话对汉代文学的总体影响。认为汉代文学中的神话对汉代文学的发展产生了重要影响,反映了中国文学从先秦到汉代质朴到华丽、由简单到复杂、由粗糙到完善的转变,主要体现在语言的通俗、情节的丰富及风格的浪漫等方面。更多还原

【Abstract】 Han literature in the history of Chinese literature development serves a key role, many new changes of literature originates from the origin. There are two kinds of content are particularly reflected in the literature in the han dynasty:one for the classics, the other is the myth. Myths in han nynasty literature highlight the characteristics and charm of literature as literature itself in the process of blending and deviating with Confucian classics "quality" literature.Original myth, classical and modern myth is different state of being in the developing process of myth. Myths in han dynasty literature connect primitive myth and modern myth,is an important part of Chinese classical myths. Myths in Han dynasty literature rebuild primitive myth, and also is a new rebuilding process to the whole Han dynasty literature. It is because of myths in han dynasty literature Polish, finalize and design, Chinese myths can eventually become an important part of Chinese literature. Myths in Han dynaty literature furtherly develop the literary creation space, enrich the subject contents and the forms of literature, and even influence to the later generations way of thinking, emotion and value orientation.At present, the academic circle to the problem of the relationship between han dynasty Confucian classics and literature research, have gained fruitful results, for the myths in han dynasty literature research is relatively weak. This article is aimed at doing a relatively systematic study to explor the problem, so as to initiate somewhat to research of han dynasty literature and culture.Full text in addition to the introduction, is divided into seven chapters, the specific contents are briefly summarized as follows:In the first chapter mainly analyze the origins of han dynasty literature myth. Believes in ancient myths harmonious idea has affected the world view of han dynasty, and the theological system has produced important influences on the establishment of the han dynasty. Han dynasty inherited the classical mythology of literary history, myths, bizarre records and myths exaggerated ingredients, and widespread influence by other schools. Such as mo zi’s belief in ghosts and gods, anecdotal records,"zhuang zi" school "liezi" fictitious technique and swim fairy theme, and vertical and horizontal distance style, etc. Their view of the evolution of the myth also influenced the literature in han dynasty for the myth. In addition, the han dynasty represented by YanQi culture, WuChu culture around the mysterious culture has created a cultural atmosphere for mythological scenes in literature. While Han dynasty mysterious culture of origin has no divergence between north and south culture, mysterious culture can be traced back to the shells.In the second chapter mainly discusses the han dynasty literature myth era background. First of all, the han dynasty rulers adopted teaching means, set up in the Shinto myth as a metaphor and symbol of the unified regime and part of the cultural construction. Lots of mandate of heaven emperor myths in han dynasty, and presented with the face of the pre-qin period is very different. Dr Prophetic-mixed han dynasty Confucian classics, makes literati with prophetic-mixed reconstruct centered on "so a" god department, and promoted the prosperity of the FuRui culture in han dynasty. Dr Han dynasty literati excessively interpretate the scriptures, further promoted the process of historical myth, and its, systemize, annotation to the generation of pre-qin ancient books helped collect, conserve the myth. In addition, the immortal faith as a prevail living condation has a significant influence on literature and myths, it mainly reflected in two aspects:pursuing immortality thought and remove disaster.The third chapter illustrates the motivation and purpose of the myths in han dynasty. Thinking that it is the thriving, declining, inherited, dying cultural construction and also the elegant,curious era fashion promoted the creating of a large number of literary myth. Myth and literature mainly embodied in two aspects:chasing the ancient, praising the present and eliciting personal emotions, respectively represented by FengChan and swim.The fourth chapter analyzes the generation and mimic myths in han dynasty literature. Thinking that many trival, the temple worship and folk sacrifice provides a good opportunity to literature and myths. Under the influence of simulation of creation atmosphere of han dynasty, the creation of literatural myths promote sonme similar literature appear constantly, mainly SaoTi, rhyme prose and poems represented a myth in the mimic.The fifth chapter from the fiction and reality, perceptual and rational, literature and culture of the han literature in the myth of multidimensional review. Thinking that myths in han dynasty literature is fiction and its "factual record" spirit, promote each other, is the embodiment of the historian "lifelikeness" technique, and further affected the history of the han dynasty legend. Tendency in "seeking for novelty", under the influence of the han dynasty literary myth of the emotional expression of literature field, and embodied in the myth of "practical" principle is the return of rational spirit. In addition, the myths in han dynasty literature also affected the literary creation theme, expression, and culture.The sixth chapter analyses the development characteristics of myths in han dynasty literature and generalizes the cultural transmutation. Thinking that myths in han dynasty embodies the bidirectional interaction between myths and history, and also reflets a prophetic-mixed, secular and fairy development characteristics. And it also experiences a cultural evolution process which from the sibyl culture to the historiographer culture, from the Confucianism with the tao to take both of them.The seventh chapter discusses the han dynasty literature myth of overall influence on han dynasty literature. Thinking that myths in han dynasty literature has a significant influence on the development of the literature in han dynasty, reflects the Chinese literature from pre-qin to han dynasty plain to gorgeous, from simple to complex, from rough to perfect, mainly reflects in the popular language, the rich plotand the romantic style, etc.更多还原