1949-1966年刘少奇的外交思想和实践研究

【作者】 肖娴；

【导师】 马启民；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国近现代史基本问题， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 刘少奇是杰出的马克思主义理论家和政治家,是中国共产党和新中国各项事业卓越的领导人。从1949新中国建立到1966年“文化大革命”前的17年中,刘少奇对新中国的外交决策产生了重要影响,形成了重要的外交思想,并多方面参与了新中国许多重大外交活动。刘少奇的外交思想立足于马克思主义国际政治学说的理论基础之上。马克思主义国际政治学说关于时代本质的认识以及历史唯物主义关于国家问题的认识具有重要的方法论意义,而马克思主义国际政治学说中所涵括的关于时代主题的判断、战争与革命、反对霸权主义和强权政治、党际关系、和平共处、新型国际政治形态等问题的认识,则为刘少奇外交思想和实践提供了直接的理论基础。中国优秀的传统文化,特别是传统文化中的“和合”思想和中庸精神为刘少奇的外交思想和实践提供了深厚的文化渊源。美苏冷战的国际政治环境,决定了当时整个时代发展的主题,也决定了刘少奇外交思想和实践所包含的时代问题。新民主主义革命时期中国共产党的外交思想和实践则为新中国成立后刘少奇外交思想和实践的形成提供了重要的历史依据。从1944年到新中国的成立,中共外交机构从中央军委外事组、中央外事组到外交部,经历了一个复杂的变迁过程。从决策权力机制来看,从新中国建立到“文化大革命”爆发前的这一时期,中共外交决策是建立在“毛泽东-刘少奇-周恩来”的决策机制之上的。在这一体制中,刘少奇在外交决策方面享有仅次于毛泽东的权力。刘少奇在新中国外交决策中的这一重要作用,直接来源于他在党内的地位。在这一体制中,刘少奇的个性特征也有鲜明的表现。从刘少奇对新中国和平外交的理论思考来看,刘少奇在1955年党的全国代表会议上的讲话、1956年党的八大的政治报告以及1963年在中国科学院社会科学部学部委员会第四次扩大会议上的讲话等三篇文献具有非常重要的价值,反映出刘少奇在新中国不同发展阶段上对中国和平外交的理论思考及其主要内容和基本特征。尽管受到了当时历史和认识条件的制约,但是新中国建立后,刘少奇的外交思想和实践始终是以和平外交为主线,在此基础上刘少奇不断扩大对和平共处的理解。刘少奇在中苏国家同盟关系确立的过程起到了重要作用,这一作用主要在于奠定了中苏国家同盟关系形成的理论基础、政治基础和社会基础。具体说,主要是：刘少奇1948年《论国际主义和民族主义》这一著作,通过对马克思主义和民族主义的理论阐述,表明了中国共产党在苏南冲突中对苏联的支持,为新中国加入以苏联为首的社会主义阵营以及为中苏国家同盟关系的确立奠定了意识形态基础；1949年新中国成立前夕,刘少奇对苏联的访问为新中国建立后毛泽东访苏及中苏国家同盟关系的确立奠定了政治基础；新中国建立后刘少奇在担任中苏友好协会首任会长期间,中苏友好协会处于黄金发展时期,通过协会的大量工作及广泛活动排除了中国民众中“疑苏”、“反苏”的情绪,极大地推动了中国民众中对苏友好思想的深入,奠定了中苏友好同盟关系的社会基础。周边外交是新中国建立后刘少奇外交思想和实践的重要内容。在新中国成立前后,刘少奇曾比较系统地阐述了对亚洲“世界革命”的设想,即以中国革命的历史经验为参照,推动亚洲国家的民族民主革命运动,体现出中国共产党当时对共产主义革命以及对中国与周边国家关系的一种特定的理解和认识。新中国建立后,在刘少奇的直接领导和负责下,新中国很快从政治、经济、军事各个方面开展了对越南的全面援助,推动了越南的抗法斗争充分展开并最终取得彻底胜利。20世纪50年代中期后,刘少奇的周边外交思想出现了重大的转向,不断强调睦邻和平的周边外交思想。刘少奇在20纪60年代极其复杂的国际背景下对周边国家进行了两次国事访问,即1963年4-5月以中国国家主席的身份访问印度尼西亚、缅甸、柬埔寨和越南四国;1966年2-6月出访巴基斯坦、阿富汗、缅甸三国。通过这两次访问,增进了中国人民同周边国家人民的相互理解和友谊,同时也为中国实施以反对“美帝”和“苏修”为目标的“南北并重”的外交战略以及援越抗美的政策提供了强有力的周边安全保障。政党外交也是刘少奇外交思想和实践的重要内容。刘少奇的政党外交思想和实践特别鲜明地体现在对波匈事件的危机处理、中苏论战前后对两党关系走向的思考中。波匈事件是20世纪50年代社会主义政治发展中一件危机性的重大事件,刘少奇代表中共中央积极参与了这一事件的处理,有效地把中国共产党所主张的党际平等和社会主义国家间平等的观念传播开来,推动了中国在苏联和东欧国家中的影响的进一步扩大。在中苏论战的过程中,刘少奇则立足于中国共产党的利益,试图把政党关系和国家关系划分开来,进一步发展了中国共产党的政党外交思想。刘少奇的外交思想具有鲜明的历史特点。刘少奇对新中国外交的思考和实践基本上是在帝国主义与社会主义对立的“两个阵营论”的基础上展开的。刘少奇的外交思想是新中国建立后从“两个阵营论”走向“三个世界划分”思想的过渡性理论形态,这一方面使得刘少奇的外交思想带有较明显的意识形态特点,同时又具有较强劲的现实主义特点。刘少奇的外交思想与同一时期毛泽东的外交思想在总体演进上是完全一致的,但在某些重大问题上,刘少奇则具有自己独特的创造性认识。刘少奇的外交思想具有重要的时代价值。从对中国与世界关系的认识和把握来看,刘少奇对时代主题的认识中已经包含着把和平作为时代主题的认识因素。同时,从对中国发展道路的思考来看,其中也包含着对中国和平发展的重要思考,彰显出了中国走和平发展道路的世界政治形象。刘少奇关于周边外交和政党外交的思想则成为当代中国周边外交和政党外交理论和实践发展的重要思想来源,对于当代中国特色社会主义事业的发展具有重要的意义和价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Liu Shaoqi is an outstanding theorist and politician. In the seventeen years from1949, the founding of the people’s republic of china, to1966, the beginning of the "Great Cultural Revolution", Liu Shaoqi had great influence on the CPC’s diplomatic decision, formed his diplomatic thoughts, and personally participated in many very important diplomatic activities of the New China in many ways.Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought is firstly established in Marxist international politics. The understanding of the essence of the time of Marxist international politics and historical materialism’s understanding on international problems is of important methodology significance. What is included in Marxist international politics theory such as the understanding of the essence of the age, revolution and war, opposing hegemonism and power politics, party relations, peaceful coexisting, new type of international politics polity, etc, provides Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought and practice with a direct understanding starting point. The doctrine of the moderation and harmonious sprit in Chinese excellent traditional culture is another source of Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought. Liu Shaoqi has systematically studied Chinese traditional culture based on the Confucian textbooks during the process of his growth and he embodies the doctrine of the moderation and harmonious sprit of the Chinese traditional culture in Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought and practice in New China. The international political environment of the Cold War provides the formation of Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought and practice condition of the times and also determines the key issues of Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thoughts and practice. The CPC’s diplomatic thought and practice during the new democratic revolution period provides very important historical basis for Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought and practice in New China.From the year1944to the foundation of the New China, the CPC’s diplomatic organization, from the Foreign Affairs Section of the Central Military Commission, the Central Foreign Affairs Section, to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, experienced a complicated changing process. To view from the power mechanism, from the year1944to1966, the CPC’s diplomatic decision was based on "Mao Zedong-Liu Shaoqi-Zhou Enlai" decision mechanism. In this mechanism, Liu-Shaoqi has great power which is second only to Mao Zedong. Liu Shaoqi’s such important role in diplomatic decision in the New China directly comes from his position in the CPC. Liu Shaoqi’s charicter is clearly showed in this mechanism.It is of great importance of Liu Shaoqi’s theoretical thinking on China’s peaceful diplomacy at the different stages of the new China’s development. The main contents and basis features of Liu Shaoqi’s theoretical thinking on China’s peaceful diplomacy may be reflected mainly in Liu Shaoqi’s three speeches:speech at the party’s National Conference in1955, Address at the party’s eight’s national congress in1956and the speech at the fourth meeting in the Science department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.Liu Shaoqi played key role in the establishment of the Sino-Soviet national alliance, which was at the aspects of the formation of the theoretical basis, the political basis and the social basis of the Sino-Soviet national alliance. To be specific, the main points are:Liu Shaoqi’s well-known works Internationalism and Nationalism in1948by elaborating the opposite theory, internationalism and nationalism, clearly showed the CPC’s attitude towards supporting the Soviet Union in the conflict between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, and dispelled Stalin’s doubts that the CPC and Mao Zedong would become Yugoslavia and Tito in Asia, thus, laying a good ideological foundation for the New China to join the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and the formation of the Sino-Soviet Alliance. Liu Shaoqi’s visit to the Soviet Union in1949prepared the political ground for the Sino-Soviet national alliance; Liu Shaoqi negotiated a preliminary agreement with the Soviet Union on the issues of plans for national reconstruction of the New China, the two parties’historical problems, the lessons of the Chinese revolution and the handling of Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between China and the Soviet. This prepared the political ground for Mao Zedong’s visit to the Soviet Union after the foundation of the New China and the signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, and thus prepared the political ground for the relationship of Sino-Soviet Alliance. The Sino-Soviet Friendship Association whose first president is Liu Shaoqi after the foundation of the New China, is at its golden period of development when Liu Shaoqi was the president. By arranging large amount of work and abundant activities, the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association eliminating the doubting Soviet and anti-soviet emotion among the common Chinese people, greatly promoting the thought of Sino-Soviet friendship among the common Chinese people, and thus laying the social ground of the Sino-Soviet national alliance.Peripheral diplomacy is main part of Liu Shaoqi’s diplomacy thoughts. At the turning point of the establishment of New China, Liu Shaoqi’s narrate systematically the vision of "world revolution"in Asia, that was:make the Chinese revolutionary lessons as reference, promoting the Asian counties’national democratic revolutionary movement, showing the CPC’s a kind of special understanding and thinking about communist revolution and relationship between China and the its neighboring countries. After the foundation of the New China, under the leadership and direct responsibility of Liu Shaoqi, the New China rapidly begins wholly to assist the Vietnam politically, economically and militarily, promoting the Vietnam’s struggle against France to be fully developed and achieved the final success. Liu Shaoqi under very complicated background paid two series of important state visits to the neighboring countries in the1960s of the20th century, that is:as Chinese President to visit to Indonesia, Burma, Cambodia and Viet Nam from April to May,1963and visits to Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Burma from February to June in1966, which are located at strategic key points in central Asia, southeast Asia and South Asia. By those visits, Liu Shaoqi bridged the understanding and friendship between Chinese people and people from various countries and districts in the world, working very hard for a peaceful international and a favorable peripheral environment for China’s socialist construction course. In the meantime, those visits provide powerful peripheral security safeguard for implementing the diplomatic strategy of "attaching importance to both the south and the north" and the policy of Aiding Vietnam and Resisting USA. The thought and practice of Liu Shaoqi’s peripheral diplomacy reflects not only the ideological characteristics under the certain conditions at that time, but also reflects the characteristics of highly safeguarding national security and protecting the core national interests.Party diplomacy is also the main part of Liu Shaoqi’s diplomacy thoughts, which was very clear in the handling the crisis of the Polish and the Hungarian Events and the trend of the Sino-Soviet party relations before and after Sino-Soviet debate as the penetrating points. The Polish and the Hungarian Events are events of crisis in socialist political development in the50th of the twentieth century. Liu Shaoqi represented the CPC and actively took part in the handling of the crisis, effectively spread the thought of equality between parties and equality between socialist countries that the CPC advocates, what’s more, he promoted the expanding of China’s influence in the Soviet Union and East European countries and China’s international prestige has risen notably. During the process of the Sino-Soviet debate, basing on the interests of the CPC, Liu Shaoqi tired hard to separate the relationship between parties with relationship between nations, fatherly developed the CPC’s party diplomatic thought. Also this part studies Liu Shaoqi’s activities and thought concerning the international association with the non-ruling communist parties and the workers’parties.Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought has its historical characteristics. Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thinking and practice are consecutively on the basis of opposing camps of capitalism and socialism. This, on the one hand, makes Liu vhaoqi’s diplomatic thought were strongly characterized by theoretical feature, but on the other hand, it was strongly characterized by the practical feature. Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought is an important part of Liu Shaoqi’s thought and also an important part of the CPC’s diplomatic thought. From the aspect of understanding and grasping the relationship between China and the world, LiuShaoqi’s diplomatic thought has already contained the cognitive element, that is:regarding peace as the main theme of the times. In the meantime, from the thinking of the Chinese development path, Liu Shaoqi’s diplomatic thought also contains the important thinking on the road of Chinese peaceful development, showing China’s international political image of taking the road of peaceful development, and this, to cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in contemporary China, is of very important significance and value in thinking history. Also Liu Shaoqi’s thought of Peripheral diplomacy and party diplomacy is important for contemporary China’s Peripheral diplomacy and party diplomacy. Also it is of significance for the development of socialism with Chinese Charaterictics.更多还原