马克思主义民族理论中国化研究

【作者】 字振华；

【导师】 阎树群；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 马克思主义发展史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 马克思主义中国化是近年来我国学术界持续关注和深入探讨的重要课题。党的十六大以来,胡锦涛反复强调要用马克思主义中国化最新成果武装全党、教育人民,要求不断推进马克思主义中国化。这其中就包括马克思主义民族理论的中国化。马克思主义民族理论,是由马克思和恩格斯在19世纪创立的关于民族和民族问题的科学理论。它是倡导民族平等联合、指引被压迫民族争取民族独立和民族解放的理论；是谋求民族发展、推动各民族发展进步和共同繁荣的理论；是促进民族和谐、协调民族关系、处理民族问题的理论。这些核心思想和基本原理从马克思主义民族理论的创立之初就已经开始确立,并在同各国的具体实践的结合中得到不断深化和发展。20世纪,列宁和斯大林把马克思主义民族理论的基本原理同俄国的具体实际相结合,根据帝国主义和无产阶级革命时代的新情况、新问题,提出了关于民族和殖民地问题的学说,创造性地发展了马克思主义民族理论。十月革命一声炮响,给中国送来了马克思列宁主义。中国共产党的成立和马克思主义在中国的广泛传播,开启了包括马克思主义民族理论在内的马克思主义中国化的历史进程。中央集权的统一多民族国家的长期存在是中国的历史传统,各民族经过长期的经济和文化交流,形成了你中有我、我中有你不可分割的“多元一体”的民族格局。但到了近代以后,由于帝国主义列强的入侵,中国开始变成半殖民地半封建国家。中华民族到了生死存亡的关头,边疆危机四伏,各少数民族的民族解放运动也蓬勃发展。这些内外场景和社会变化是马克思主义民族理论中国化的条件和土壤。马克思主义民族理论中国化的历史进程经历了初步探索、基本形成、曲折发展、深入推进的过程。初步探索阶段经历了从照搬苏联到结合中国实际,从早期的民族自决、联邦制到后来的联合、自治的过程。新中国成立以后,在民族地区进行了民主改革和社会主义改造,实行民族区域自治,进行民族识别和民族社会历史调查、实行民族优惠政策、实现民族平等,标志着中国化马克思主义民族理论的基本形成。在“大跃进”和“文化大革命”期间,马克思主义民族理论中国化阻力重重,经历了曲折发展的阶段。改革开放以后,党在民族问题上的拨乱反正,重新开启了马克思主义民族理论中国化新的历程。随着党和国家工作重心的战略转移,加快少数民族和民族地区的经济社会发展成为民族工作的中心任务。马克思主义民族理论中国化进入了深入推进的阶段。进入新世纪以来,党中央高度重视民族问题,以中央文件的方式提出了中国共产党关于民族问题的基本理论和政策的十二个方面,即中央“十二条”,全面概括了马克思主义民族理论中国化的创新成果,其中关于把民族定义为“在一定的历史发展阶段形成的稳定的人们共同体”的新阐述,标志着从斯大林民族定义到中国话语的回归；把民族问题概括为“两个包括”、“三个关系”,全方位拓宽了民族问题的视野,揭示了民族问题与其他社会总问题的密切关联；把民族区域自治作为符合国情的一项基本政治制度,作为发展社会主义民主、建设社会主义政治文明的重要内容加以坚持和完善,是对马克思主义国家学说的新发展；把“平等、团结、互助、和谐”概括为社会主义民族关系的本质特征以及把民族工作主题提炼为“三个离不开”、“两个共同”,是科学发展观在我国民族关系中的深刻体现和基本要求。在马克思主义民族理论中国化的过程中,积累了许多宝贵的经验。马克思主义民族理论是科学的理论而不是教条,需要在具体实践中不断创新和发展,才能显示其强大的生命力。在马克思主义民族理论中国化的过程中,只有坚持马克思主义民族理论的基本原理,紧密结合中国具体的民族和民族问题的基本国情,并不断吸收人类优秀文明成果,才能不断开创中国特色社会主义关于民族问题的正确道路,形成中国特色社会主义民族理论的学术话语体系。马克思主义民族理论中国化的过程,既是一个同中国实际日益紧密结合的过程,也是一个关照世界局势、回应各种挑战的过程。苏联解体产生了中国是否会“步苏联后尘”的疑问,也产生了“沿袭”苏联解决民族问题模式的中国能否真正解决民族问题的担忧。中国共产党在推进马克思主义民族理论中国化的进程中,从容有效应对各种问题和挑战,使马克思主义民族理论在中国大地获得了新的生机与活力。总结历史的目的在于启迪现实,研究理论的价值在于指导实践。密切关注当前中国的民族问题,准确把握其发展的主要趋势,深入研究解决的具体路径,继续坚持中国基于马克思主义民族理论基本立场而确立的民族理论和政策,在新的实践中不断推进马克思主义民族理论中国化,从而真正做到党的十八大报告提出的“全面正确贯彻落实党的民族政策”,这就是本文研究的根本目的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Marxist Sinicization has always been an important subject beneath the continuous attention and in depth exploration in the academic circle in China in recent years. President Hu Jintao, since the16th CPC National Congress, has repeatedly stressed that it is with the latest achievements of Marxist Sinicization that the CPC will be strengthened and Chinese people will be educated. So, Marxist Sinicization should be pushed forward unceasingly. The Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory, as its integral part, is also included.Marxist ethnic theory, established by Marx and Engels in the19th century, is a scientific theory concerning nations and ethnic issues. It’s advocating equality and coalition among nationalities and functioning as a guideline for the oppressed nationalities to strive for their independence and liberation; it also helping seek for the development of nations and promote common prosperity and enhancing harmony and coordinating relations among nationalities and dealing with the issues of nationalities. These core ideas and basic principles have already been set up since the founding of Marxist ethnic theory. They have gained continuous deepening and development when combined with specific practices by different nations.In the20th century, Lenin and Stalin combined the basic principles of Marxist ethnic theory with the reality in Russia. According to the new situations and new problems in the epoch of Imperialism and Proletarian Revolution, they put forward a theory concerning issues of nations and colonies, which developed Marxist ethnic theory in a creative way.The outbreak of the great October Revolution in Russia brought Marxist-Leninism to China. The founding of the CPC and the wide spread of Marxism started the historical course of Marxist Sinicization including the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory. The existence as a centralized and united nation with many ethnic groups is the historical tradition of China. The pattern of a multifarious integration with mutual relationships has been formed after the long-term economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups. But China hadn’t been reduced to a semifeudal and semicolonial country until after modern times, due to the invasion of the imperialist powers, when the Chinese nation reached a point where its very existence was at stake with frontier crises. Liberation movements initiated by different minority ethnic groups flourished across the country. All these internal and external factors and the social changes formed the conditions and soils for the growth of Marxist ethnic theory in China.The Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory has gone through the process with such stages as tentative exploration, gradual formation, tortuous development and in-depth advancement. On the stage of tentative exploration, we experienced the process from copying the former Soviet Union to combining the reality in China, from the former federal system with the ethnic self-determination to the latter coalition and autonomy. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, in the regions inhabited by ethnic groups, democratic reforms and socialist transformation were implemented. The policy of regional autonomy of ethnic minorities was practiced. Ethnic identification and surveys on the histories of ethnic societies were conducted. Preferential policies for minorities were carried out. Equality among ethnic groups was realized. All these mark the formation of Chinese Marxist ethnic theory. During the period of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory was confronted with various obstacles, entering into a stage of tortuous development. After adopting the Policy of Reform and Opening up, our communist party cleared up all the confusions and rectified all reversals of right and wrong on the ethnic issues, opening a new chapter in the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory. With the strategic shift of the focus of work both of our party and country, to hasten the economic and social development in the region inhabited by minority ethnic groups has become the central task in the ethnic work. The Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory stepped into the stage of in-depth advancement. Since we entered the new century, the CPC Central Committee has paid high attention to ethnic issues and put forward the CPC’s Twelve Points on the Basic Theories and Policies of Ethnic Issues, that is "the Twelve Points" from the CPC Central Committee, which comprehensively summarizes the innovative products of the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory, meanwhile redefines the ethnic groups with a new expression of "a stable community of people formed in a certain historical stage of development " which marks the return of Chinese discourse from Stalin’s version of definition. Summarizing ethnic issues with "Two Includings" and "Three Relations" broadens our horizon on ethnic issues in an all-round manner and unveils the close relations between ethnic issues and other social problems. The new development of Marxist Theory of State is to adhere to and perfect the policy of regional autonomy of ethnic minorities as the basic political system suitable to the conditions in China and also as the important content of developing and building socialist democracy. The profound embodiment and basic requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development in ethnic relationships in China are to summarize the essential characteristics of socialist ethnic relationships with "equality, unity, mutual aid and harmony" and to extract "Three Essentials""Two Commons" from the theme of ethnic work.In the course of promoting the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory, much precious experience are accumulated. Marxist ethnic theory is not a dogma, but a scientific theory, which can show its great vitality only through continuous innovation and development in concrete practices. In the course of promoting the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory, it is only by adhering to the basic principles in Marxist ethnic theory, combining the theory with basic national conditions of ethnic groups and ethnic issues and constantly absorbing the outstanding achievements of human civilization that a right socialist road with Chinese characteristics to solving ethnic issues properly will be paved and also an academic discourse system about socialist ethnic theory with Chinese characteristics will be formed.The process of the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory is a process not only of gradually close integration of the theory with Chinese conditions, but also of interacting with world situations and responding to various challenges. The collapse of the Soviet Union not only led to the doubt about whether China would follow in the steps of the Soviet Union, but also created the worries about whether China could solve ethnic issues properly only by "copying" Russian mode. In the course of promoting the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory, The CPC deliberately and effectively copes with various problems and challenges so that Marxist ethnic theory gains new vigor and vitality in China.The purse of summarizing history is to give us enlightenment on future. The value of studying theories is to guide our practices. It is only by watching closely the present ethnic issues in China and accurately grasping the main trend of its development, doing in-depth research on specific solutions, adhering to China’s ethnic theory and policy on the basis of Marxist ethnic theory, enhancing the Sinicization of Marxist ethnic theory in new practice that "Correctly implementing the party’s ethnic policy in an all-round way" put forward in the report on the18th CPC National Congress can be realized, which is also the fundamental objective of this doctoral dissertation.更多还原