湖南张家界方言语音研究

【作者】 钟江华；

【导师】 邢向东；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 张家界处于湘西北的西南官话区,因其较为复杂的民族成份以及特殊的地理位置,使得该地区方言具有很多与常见西南官话不同的特点,过渡性质比较明显。本文以张家界方言为研究对象,从历时与共时的角度,运用静态描写、图表、统计以及比较等方法对张家界方言的语音系统进行研究。旨在揭示出张家界方言语音的主要特征和演变的大致过程及趋势,然后结合前人的观点探讨其归属。本文共分6章：第1章简要介绍张家界的地理、历史、人口、民族、语言使用情况以及张家界方言的研究现状等。第2章列出张家界共30个方言点的音系。第3章将张家界方言与中古音系进行比较,全面梳理张家界方言与中古音的对应关系。本章内容中很重要的一点是古入声的今读音情况：张家界东、西部的大部分地区入声已与其他调类合并,基本只有四个单字调,而四县区交界的中部地区基本还保留着入声,多为五个调类。第4章分析张家界方言几个声韵调的演变情况。一、声母方面：1.非敷奉与晓匣合口字在今张家界方言中全部相混,非晓组相混主要与介音或主元音u有关。2.来自帮非见以及知章组的唇齿音声母pf、pf是因为受到u的唇齿化作用而后有的一种语音演变。3.绝大部分地区今分平翘舌,古知章组基本读ts组音,庄组有ts、ts两组读音,从ts向ts演变的趋势很明显。二、韵母方面：1. h/h韵来自合口三等,根据来源及今读音,可将其分为精见晓与知章不混型、精见晓与知章合流型两类。2.蟹摄开口一、二等字有三种读音,从桑植县城、慈利县城的ai演变到张家界市区的￡,复元音韵母单元音化。桑植芙蓉桥、马合口两个白族乡有(?)/ε两个层次的读音,(?)为白读层,ε为文读层,显然在按着元音高化的路径进行演变。3.鼻辅音韵尾的今读音分两种类型：“三桑san”相混型与“三san／桑saη”不混型。深臻曾梗摄大都收-n尾,前低元音后接舌根鼻音韵尾-η时更容易鼻化,如桑植芙蓉桥、马合口等地：帮p5、装tsu5,后高圆唇元音后接舌根鼻音韵尾的oη、ioη最不容易丢失后鼻音韵尾。三、声调方面：1.永定区谢家垭乡以及沅古坪镇的古全浊上、浊去均与清平字合流读阴平,合流的原因主要为调值的相近。2.慈利县全境、桑植县19个乡镇、武陵源1个乡、永定区1个乡的古清去字与古浊平字合流读阳平。根据《湖南方言调查报告》提供的材料以及周边地区方言的今读音,我们认为是最近几十年因为调值较接近得以合流,与江西赣方言“清去归阳平”似乎没有联系。由于受到周边强势方言的影响,这种合流还未完成就又开始分化,部分字的白读音念阳平,文读音念去声。3.今张家界有近一半地区保留入声调(包括张家界市区),但没有入声韵尾。无入声调的方言中古入声字主要与古去声字合流读去声或与古清平字合流读阴平。第5章介绍湖南白族的来源及分布,然后对占据湖南白族人口95%以上的张家界以及怀化市沅陵县的白族汉语方言中存在的几个语音现象与白语以及江西客赣方言进行比较,结果发现张家界最为典型的白族汉语方言桑植“民家腔”并不像之前认为的保留了很多白语的底层,而是与江西方言特别是赣语保持着较高的一致性,这与其移民历史相吻合。第6章总体概括张家界方言的语音特点,结合当地人的语感以及前人对张家界方言归属的看法,最后通过“古去声字是否分阴阳”这一标准将张家界方言分成两片：第一片与《汉语官话方言研究》(2010)所分西南官话湖广片的湘北小片比较一致,特点是古去声字今分阴阳。第二片与《汉语官话方言研究》(2010)所分西南官话湖广片的鄂中小片在整体语言面貌上比较一致,特点是四声调值与武汉接近。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhang Jiajie(张家界)locates in the northwestern part of Hunan province where people speak Southwest Mandarin, because of its complicated ethnic composition and special geographic location, the dialect spoken in Zhang Jiajie has a lot of differences compared to the common Southwest Mandarin, with the dramatic transition. From the perspective of diachronic and synchronic, this paper aims to analysis the phonology of Zhang Jiajie dialects by using static depiction, charts, statistics and comparative methods, etc. The present research reveals the main phonetic features, the general evolvement and tendency of Zhang Jiajie dialects.Combining with the previous views, it hopes to investigate to which the dialect groups they belong.This paper is divided into six parts:Chapter One briefly shows the geography, the history, the population, the nations, as well as the dialects used there. It also introduces the present studies on the Chinese dialects in Zhang Jiajie, etc.Chapter Two lists30phonologies of Zhang Jiajie dialects.Chapter Three compares the phonologies of Zhang Jiajie dialects with the phonology of Middle Chinese, and makes a comparison between Zhang Jiajie dialects and Middle Chinese comprehensively.The relatively important point is the present pronunciations of Ru-sheng(入声)in Middle Chinese:In the large eastern and western area of Zhang Jiajie, Ru-sheng (入声)has combined with other tonal categories and these areas basically have four tone categories. Ru-sheng(入声)have reserved in the middle part on the border land of four counties, it includes five tonal categories.Chapter Four analyzes several evolvements in initials, finals and tones.I. Initials:1. The pronunciations of Middle Chinese Fei(非)Fu(敷)Feng(奉)and Xiao(晓)Xia(匣) with Hekouhu (合口呼)initials have mixed totally in Zhang Jiajie dialects at present. This confluence is mainly caused by the medial or main vowel "u". 2. The initials of Middle Chinese Bang (帮)Fei(非)Jian(见)-groups andZhi(知)Zhang(章)-groups read in labiodental initials pf/pf in Zhang Jiajie dialects at present is a later phonetic evolvement caused by the influence of "u" labiodental.3. In the most of the places, level-lingual and cacuminal can be distinguished. Pronunciations of Middle Chinese Zhi(知)Zhang(章)-groups read "ts/ts’/s" and Zhuang(庄)-group read "ts/ts’/s" or "ts/ts’/s" with a pretty clear trend which from "ts/ts’/s" to "ts/ts’/s".II. Finals:1."(?)" comes from the3rd Division with Hekou(合口)of Middle Chinese, it can be divided into two types:the finals from Jing(精)Jian(见)Xiao(晓)-groups are different from Zhi(知)Zhang(章)-groups and the finals from Jing(精)Jian(见)Xiao(晓)-groups are the same as Zhi(知)Zhang(章)-groups.2. There are three pronunciations which from the Xie(蟹)rhyme-groups at the first and second division words, from "ai" spoken in the central city of Sangzhi (桑植)and Cili (慈利)to "ε" spoken in the Zhang Jiajie city. The diphthongal finals have changed into simple vowel. There are two layers for pronunciations "(?)/ε" in Furongqiao (芙蓉桥)and Mahekou (马合口)villages of Bai People in Sangzhi county."(?)" is the Colloquial Layer and "ε" is the Literary Layer. The phenomenon is evolving in terms of the path of Vowel Raising.3. It can be divided into two types on the pronunciation of Nasal Ending at present: the Chinese character "三" is the same as "桑san",and "三san" is different from“桑saD”Most of the characters from Shen(深)Zhen(臻)Zeng(曾)Geng(梗)rhyme-groups are spoken as the front nasal consonant "-n" at present. It’s easier to occur that nasalization in the situation which front and low vowel plus back nasal consonant "-rj". In the dialect of Furongqiao and Mahekou, for example,“帮”is spoken as "po",“装”as "(?)", and it is least likely to lose the back nasal consonant "(?)".HI. Tones:1. Because of the similar tone pitch, the Shang-sheng(上声)words with Voiced Obstruent and Qu-sheng(去声)with Voiced Initials have mixed with Ping-sheng(平声)with Voiceless Initials in Xiejiaya(谢家垭)village and Yuanguping(沅古坪)town in Yongding (永定)district.2. The Qu-sheng(上声)words with Voiceless Initials have mixed with Ping-sheng(平声)with Voiced Initials in Cili (慈利)county,19towns of Sangzhi (桑 植)county,1town of Wulingyuan (武陵源)district,1town of Yongding(永定) district. It is believed that this phenomenon appeared in recent years because of the similar tone pitch and it has no relationship with "the transition from Qing-qu(清去)to Yang-ping (阳平)”in Gan dialects of Jiangxi in terms of given materials and dialects spoken at surroundings presently documented in "Reports on Dialects in Hunan". The confluence have not completed yet but have already begun to polarize and some characters are pronounced Yang-ping(阳平)in the Colloquial Layer and Qu-sheng (去声)in the Literary Layer due to the influence of dominant dialects surrounded.3. Nearly half area of Zhang Jiajie at present, Ru-sheng(入声)have been reserved (including the main city of Zhang Jiajie), but it has no Entering Endings. In certain dialects which have no Ru-sheng(入声),Ru-sheng (入声)in Middle Chinese have mixed with Qu-sheng (去声)in Middle Chinese and they pronounced as Qu-sheng (去声) or mixed with Qing-ping (清平)in Middle Chinese pronounced as Yin-ping (阴平)at present.Chapter Five introduces briefly the origin of Bai in Hunan Province and its distributions. After compared the some phonetic features of Chinese dialects spoken by Bai People in Zhang Jiangjie and DahepingC大合坪) village in Yuanling county, these two places made up over95percent of the Bai population in Hunan with Bai Language and the Hakka-Gan dialects of Jiangxi. It is found that the Minjia dialect (民家腔)in Sangzhi which is the typical Chinese dialect spoken by Bai People in Zhang Jiajie is not as scholars contended. The Minjia dialect in Sangzhi remains much of the Substratum of Bai Language as previous views, but in accordance with the Jiangxi dialects, especially Gan dialects, and this is fits with their migration routes.Chapter Six generally concludes the phonetic characteristics of the Zhang JiaJie dialects, and also considers the language sense of the local people and the opinions of the previous researchers about these dialects. This chapter divides the Zhang Jiajie dialects into two sub-groups according to the criteria of "whether the Middle Chinese Qu-sheng can be classified as Ying or Yang":The first sub-group has the characteristics of dividing the Chinese characters of Middle Chinese Qu-sheng (去声)into present Ying(阴)and Yang(阳)，which is relatively coordinated with the sub-group of northern Hunan Province of the Hu-guang group which belongs to the Southwest Mandarin categorized by the "Research of Chinese Mandarin Dialect of (2010)."The second sub-group has the characteristics of being close to Wuhan dialect in its four tone values, which is comparatively coordinated with the general language features of the central Hubei Province sub-group of Hu-guang group in Southwest Mandarin Dialect.更多还原