【作者】 宋同飞；

【导师】 李建华；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 伦理学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 在中国的历史和实践语境中,食品一直是一个非常重要的问题。“民以食为天,食以安为先”,食品安全始终是民生的最核心议题,因此,也成为历代统治者的政治统治能够符合“天道”这一最高政治正当性的衡量标准,在中国传统公共生活中占据着极为重要的地位。在当代中国,食品的这种重要性依旧在延续,不仅没有在时代的发展中遭到削弱,反而在社会主义市场经济和科学技术迅猛发展、全球化趋势进一步增强的新背景下,日益呈现出与以往不同的严重性和紧迫性。必须承认的是,当代中国食品问题的重要性已经发生了转移,即传统的食品供应量不足的“短板”已经得到纠正,食品的安全问题已经越来越凸显了出来。近年来,我国涉及食品安全问题的事件屡见不鲜,甚至出现了一些影响十分恶劣的食品安全卫生事件。日益严重的食品安全问题已经成为我国社会主义现代化事业和小康社会、和谐社会建设过程中一个亟需正视和解决的问题,这一问题不仅关系到每一个公民个体的健康和生命,也关系到我国经济、社会的稳定与发展,更直接影响到政府的执政合法性和公信力。加强食品安全问题以及对策研究,是当前我们一个阶段十分重要的任务。在对食品安全问题的研究过程中,伦理道德维度的缺失是食品安全一度严重失范的重要原因,加强食品安全的伦理维度研究,尤其是责任伦理学视角的研究,是从根本上把握和解决当前食品安全问题的关键性步骤。责任伦理学是二十世纪六七十年代在德语区出现并发展,尔后在全世界得到普遍重视的一种应用伦理学理论。责任伦理学把关注的焦点从单个的个体身上扩展到全人类以及人与自然、与生态圈的伦理关系上,提出了对未来负责、对大自然负责的伦理学命令。责任伦理学发掘了传统伦理学不曾触碰到的新维度,从而被誉为是一种“新伦理学”,也被认为是能够指导和帮助我们避免现时代生死攸关问题的伦理学理论。在关系到人民群众身体健康和生命安全的食品问题上,传统伦理学,如功利主义伦理学和美德伦理学,往往因为明于此而昧于彼都不能在我国食品安全领域发挥有效的价值指导作用,而责任伦理学以其宽广的理论视角和独特的思想资源对我们当前解困食品安全危局大有裨益。本文正是在责任伦理学的启发下展开内容构建的。论文陈述我国食品安全的严峻现状,总结并归纳国外对食品安全的责任伦理学研究成果,确定责任伦理学在我国的食品安全研究领域中的理论意义和实践意义,明确本论文的研究方法、预期目标和整体结构。全面概括我国食品安全领域取得的成绩与仍然存在的问题,继而深入分析功利主义伦理学、美德伦理学和责任伦理学三种主要的伦理学理论以及在食品安全问题域中的应用程度,凸显责任伦理学与我国食品安全问题研究之间存在着最大程度的理论契合,并在此前提下提出应该从政府、食品企业和第三方力量入手,构建我国食品安全的整体性责任主体框架。论文从政府职能转变的目标是责任政府出发,认为现代政府在食品安全中应该承担公共利益责任、监管责任和引导责任。在分析市场经济与企业伦理具有内在一致性的基础上,提出食品企业在食品安全中不仅具有显性的经济责任和法律责任,更加需要凸显隐性的伦理责任。而且,只有在伦理责任得到彻底维护和实践的前提下,企业的经济责任和法律责任才有意义。同时,按照食品供给和消费的逻辑,本章还讨论了食品生产企业、流通企业和销售企业在食品安全当中的阶段性责任。在责任伦理学的架构中梳理和解释政府与食品企业在食品安全中的责任之后,分析第三方责任价值,包括媒体、食品企业行业组织与消费者组织等非政府组织(NGO)、食品检验检测机构等三个主体在食品安全的题域研究中同样具有不可忽视的主体性责任。针对新时期我国食品安全面临的新情况与新挑战,提出我们应该顺应全球化趋势,加强食品在跨国流通中的安全保障,并且理性看待现代生物技术,比如转基因食品技术在食品领域的广泛运用,强化责任伦理学的规制价值与意义,实现食品的全面安全。更多还原

【Abstract】 Food has always been a very important concern in China. The food safety, in Chinese tradition, is a core issue in people’s daily life just as the old saying goes that the food is the first necessity for the people. Food problem is the touchstone of the politics of the rulers of all the dynasties since the management of food is in line with the natural laws. In contemporary China, food safety has never been such a big concern.It must be acknowledged, the importance of the issue of the contemporary Chinese food has transferred, namely the "short board" of the lack of food supply has been corrected, and food security issues have become increasingly prominent out. In recent years, a series of incidents concerning food safety occur time and again, some of them very terrible, which make food safety a paramount issue to resolve in the building of socialism, a well-off society and the harmonious society. Food safety is not only concerned with the health and life of the individual citizen but stability and development of the economy and the society and particularly the performance and credibility of the ruling party. The resolution of the food safety is a very important task for us nowadays. The research on the food safety shows that the lack of the responsible ethics is the one of the major reasons for the loss of the food safety.The ethics of responsibility came into being in the German-speaking areas in the1960s and1970s. Since then, it became well-received world wide. The ethics of responsibility extends its concern with the individuals to the human beings and its relationship with nature and the ecology. It argues the responsibility for the future and the nature. Therefore, the ethics of responsibility credited as a new ethics which has pushed the ethics to a new dimension. It is regarded as a theory that enables us to avoid the problems concerning life and death. When it comes to the food safety that concerns people’s health and lives, the ethics of responsibility is constructive for the perspective and unique thinking sources of the theory. Comparatively, the traditional ethics such as utilitarian ethics and the moral ethics cannot play a effective role for its one-sidedness. The current paper is constructed with the inspiration of the ethics of responsibility.The paper describes the China’s food safety, summarizes the research of foreign food safety responsibility ethics, determines responsibility ethics theoretical and practical significance in China’s food safety research areas, clear this thesis, the targets and the overall structure of the body. It describes the comprehensive overview of the achievements and the problems that remained in the field of food safety in China, followed by in-depth analysis of three major ethical theories utilitarianism ethics, virtue ethics and responsibility ethics, as well as in the domain of food safety issues. There exists the greatest degree of theoretical fit between responsibility ethics and China’s food safety problems, and in this premise should start from the government, food companies and third-party forces to build the integrity of our food safety.The paper holds that in the basis of the transformation of government functions, the responsibility of the government that modern government should assumes, there are three pieces of responsibilities of government in food safety, public interest responsibility, regulatory responsibility and the guided responsibility. The paper has proposed food enterprises in the food safety, not only has the dominant economic and legal responsibilities, more needs to highlight the hidden ethical responsibility on the basis of internal consistency in the analysis of the market economy and business ethics. Moreover, under the premise of a thorough maintenance and practice ethical responsibility, economic responsibility and liability makes sense. Meanwhile, according to the logic of the food supply and consumption, this chapter also discusses food producers, distribution companies and sales enterprises in the stage of food safety responsibility. After carding and explain the government and food companies in the food safety responsibility under the responsibility ethics, analysis of the third party liability value, including the media, industrial organizations of food companies, consumer organizations and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the food inspection agency in the food safety problem domain also has the main responsibility can not be ignored.The paper tells us that we should follow the trend of globalization, strengthening food security in the transnational circulation, and holds a rational view of modern biotechnology, such as genetically modified food technology in the field of food, to strengthen the value and significance of the regulation of the ethics of responsibility, and to achieve a comprehensive food security.更多还原