【作者】 王晓秋；

【导师】 刘世华；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 马克思主义发展史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 苏联是我们曾经的榜样，曾经的向往，从让人激情澎湃的十月革命到可歌可泣的卫国战争，社会主义苏联向我们展示着她的伟大与坚强。作为世界上第一个社会主义国家，在国内外反动势力的压力下建立了社会主义制度的国家，这本身就是一个伟大的创举。走上发展社会主义道路的苏联，其中经历的磨难就更加巨大，顽强的苏联人民经受住了考验，使苏联从落后的农业国成长为先进的工业国，为战胜法西斯奠定了基础。然而，光荣的历史却挡不住苏联停滞的脚步，任何先进的革新的东西都不愿意尝试，只知道抱残守缺，稳守家业的结果是被人狠狠的超越，直到幡然醒悟想要奋起直追的关键时刻，却选错了改革的方向，大厦的倾覆变得不可避免。本文是以分析苏联民主制度为主线，以时间脉络为辅助进行阐述，其中也穿插各个阶段之间民主建设的比较分析。力图全方位阐述民主因素在苏联兴衰过程中所起的关键作用，总结经验教训，苏联的经验教训对于中国民主政治建设具有很大的借鉴价值和意义。本论文研究的主体内容分四章：第一章主要阐述马克思主义民主理论与苏联建立的关系。本章主要着重论证三个问题，一是马克思主义民主理论对社会主义民主的构想；二是苏联新型社会主义制度形态产生的背景；三是苏联社会主义民主的制度形态。1917年，俄国人民在布尔什维克党的领导下取得了十月社会主义革命的胜利，建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家。远在国外的列宁正确的认清了国内革命的形势并将此过程分为两个阶段，第一阶段是帮助资产阶级推翻沙皇的统治，资产阶级建立的临时政府仍然是帝国主义的政府，资产阶级没有能力掌控国家，即不能解决人民深切渴望的和平、土地、面包问题，相反，资产阶级只会愈加的袒护大地主和贵族阶层的利益，人民仍然是受压迫受剥削的阶级。临时政府在不到半年的统治时间里就经历了三次严重的危机，受到人民的强烈反抗，事实证明资产阶级没有能力再领导国家将民主革命进行下去了。因而革命必须从第一阶段向第二阶段过渡，由无产阶级和贫苦农民掌握政权，将革命进行到底，所以十月革命是社会主义性质的革命。无产阶级要想取得革命的成功必须具备两个优势：先进的工兵代表苏维埃政体和牢固的统一战线。革命的主客观因素完备和对马克思民主理论的继承创新决定了列宁的社会主义民主制度形态在实践上的可行性，这些民主政治形态包括：人民当家作主的无产阶级专政；“议行合一”的工兵农苏维埃制度；民主集中制为基本原则的一党执政制度；民族自决基础上建立的联邦制。第二章主要阐述新型民主制度的优势与苏联崛起的关系。民主在苏维埃联盟国家成立和发展阶段的作用和积极意义。本章论述三个不同历史阶段：第一，列宁将人民最高利益作为苏联政治民主的根本价值取向。在处理党与苏维埃关系、改组国家机关，吸收非党群众参与管理和监督、加强党内民主等方面所采取的民主和有效率的制度；第二，斯大林充分发挥社会主义统一意志使苏联迅速崛起。斯大林模式的正向作用对苏联的辉煌产生积极效果，斯大林用宪法的形式将社会主义民主制度进一步固定化，扩大了人民的民主权利；第三，赫鲁晓夫和勃列日涅夫的改革使苏联出现了短暂的鼎盛。斯大林之后的两位执政者意识到斯大林模式存在的弊端，力图对此加以改良，因而可以起到缓解紧张社会矛盾的作用，并将社会主义的民主制度优势得到发挥，苏联在20世纪70年代的综合国力到达鼎盛，人民物质文化生活水平是苏联历史中最高的时期。第三章主要研究民主的抑制与苏联衰弱。斯大林模式逐步凝固化使国家丧失发展的活力。本章论述的问题：斯大林模式的弊端逐渐抑制政治经济发展，在党内和国家逐渐发展到行政指导权代替民主决策，高度集权的政治经济体制越来越成为抑制国家发展的主要因素。社会主义国家的民主受到抑制、贬低，逐渐丧失了人民群众的拥护和支持，得道多助失道寡助，斯大林模式在政治、经济、意识形态方面破坏民主必然引起民众的强烈反感乃至背弃。赫鲁晓夫进行的改革虽起到一定的进步作用，但只是对整个斯大林模式在体制内的修修补补，基本的框架并没有改变，民主建设并没有取得多少进展，仍然处于受阻滞的状态，进而发展到勃列日涅夫执政的后期再度集权回归，使得国家陷入全面的停滞。第四章主要探讨民主的滥用与苏联解体。戈尔巴乔夫执政伊始，苏联社会意识形态领域多元化趋势明显，勃列日涅夫时期是苏联社会上官僚特权阶层正式形成的时期，特权阶层破坏民主、干涉国家政治制度、官僚阶层及其家属的特殊化严重等等弊端都进一步蚕食整个国家的肌体，同时也为国家培养了一批“掘墓人”。戈尔巴乔夫采取的激进式民主化改革措施导致苏联的解体。戈式的西方式民主改革并没有挽救社会主义国家，反而加速了她的崩溃。民主是只能自下而上缓慢的成长发展的，激进的全盘照搬别人的民主只会带来不可挽救的局面。事实证明，作为党和国家的最高指挥者，戈尔巴乔夫自主的放弃了苏联共产党对国家的领导，放弃了马克思主义在意识形态上的主导地位，放弃了民主集中制的组织原则，他的所谓的“人道的、民主的社会主义”实际上就是民主社会主义的道路。另外，苏联共产党的相当一部分精英阶层已经完全蜕变为资本主义的代理人，更符合他们利益的方式就是使苏联退化为资本主义国家，“民主派”的助威和戈尔巴乔夫的妥协形成了合力，苏联被彻底毁灭了。这个悲剧性的结局值得我们研究、总结并汲取深刻的教训。结语为苏联解体的民主启示，苏联所走过的74年社会主义建设的历程，给其他社会主义国家带来的经验教训和历史启示。从戈尔巴乔夫改革到苏联解体再到今天俄罗斯民主现状，我们要更加认清一个事实：改革政治体制是必要的，但不是以全盘推翻社会主义政治体制为目的，应该以循序渐进的原则，逐步改革已经不能适应国家健康发展的僵化的体制，不能动摇马克思主义在意识形态上的主导地位，同时我们应当更加认清激进民主主义的风险，警惕激进民主化的重演。更多还原

【Abstract】 Once The Soviet Union is an example,from October revolution to the movingand praise-worthy patriotic war,the socialist Soviet Union showed us her great andstrong.As the first socialist country in the world,under the pressure of domestic andabroad’s forces,to establish the social country,this is a great creation itself.On theroad of socialist development,The Soviet Union’s people suffered moredifficulties,but the brave people endured the tests,The soviet union from a backwardagriculture country grown into an advanced industralized one,laid the foundation forthe victory over fascism.However,glorious history can’t hold the stationary steps ofsoviet union,any advanced innovative things were refused to try,only knew the stickin the mud,the result is beyonded by other countries.When they wanted to catch upwith others,they didn’t find the correct reforms,the building’s overthow becameinevitable.The paper analysis the soviet union is a democratic system as the mainline,time as the supplement explanation,which also penetration between each stageof the construction of the comparative analysis.All to clarify the democratic factorsin the rise and fall of the soviet union,sum up lessons,the soviet union’s lessens forchinese democratic political construction has very great reference value andsignificance.The main body of the paper contents in four chapters:The first chapter mainly explain the realitionship between Marxism democratictheory and the establishment of the soviet union.This chapter focus on argumentthree questions,one is the idea of Marxism democratic theory to socialist systemform;the second is the background that the soviet union socialist system form;thethird is the form of the soviet socialist democratic system.In1917,the Russian peoplein the Bolshevik party leadership won the victory of the october socialistrevolution,established the first socialist country.Lenin in the foreign countryunderstood the situation of domestic revolution and divided the prosess into twostages,the first stage to help capitalism to overthrow the rule of tsar,but the interimgovernment is still imperialist government by capitalism,they have no abilities tocontral the country,namely can’t solve people’s deep desire:peace,land,bread,on thecontrary,the capitalism protected the interests of the big langlords and aristocracymore and more,people are still opressed class by expliotation.The interimgovernment has gone through three serious crisis in less than half a year,peopleresisted them heavily,it’sprove that capitalism have no abilities to lead the country tocarry on domecratic revolution.So the revolution must be from the first stage to the second,the proletariat and poor farmers control the power,carry the recolution intothe end,the october revolution is socialist revolution.The proletariat must have twoadvantages to obtain the success,advanced regime on behalf of workers andsoldiers,and solid united boundary.The subjective and objective factors are allcompleted,inherited Marxism democratic theory,they determine the feasibility inpractice of Lenin’s socialist democratic system,the forms include:the dictatorship ofproletariat by people,soviet system by “unity of GongNongBing”,one party systemunder the principle as the democratic centralism,federalism on the basis of nationalself-determination.The second chapter mainly elaborates the advantages of the new democracy andthe relationship of the soviet union rise.Democracy have the function and positivemeaning in the foundation and development of the soviet union.This chapter dicussthree different historical stages:first,Lenin put the people’s highest as the sovietunion basic value of the political democracy.Treat the relationship of the party andthe soviet,reorganize state organs,absorb the non-party people to participate togovern and supervise,strong the democracy of the party,etc aspects.Second,stalingive full play to unity and make the rapid rise of the soviet union.Stalin modepositive effect make the soviet union into a brilliant country,stalin make the socialistdemocracy solid from the constitution,expand the people’s democraticrights.Third,khrushchev and brezhnev’s reforms make a short glory in the sovietunion.They realized the shortages of stalin’s mode,and tried to reform,so it canalleviate the stress of the sociality,and make the superiority continuously.In the1970’s,the soviet union strength gained a high level,people’s material and culturallife level is the highest in the soviet period.The third chapter mainly discuss democratic inhibition and the soviet unionbreakdown.Stalin mode solid gradually make the country lost the vitality ofdevelopment.The chapter discuss problems:stalin mode disadvantages inhibited thedevelopment of politics and economy gradually,administrative rights insteaded thedemocratic decisions in party and country gradually,highly centralized political andeconomic system became the main factors of inhibition the country’s developmentmore and more.The democratic socialist country is restrained,degrade,and lost thepeople’s support gradually,stalin mode in politics,economy,ideology undermined thedemocracy cause a public resent and break. Khrushchev’s reform have a positiveeffect,but only to fix the stalin mode within the regime,basic freamwork didn’tchange,democracy hasn’t made progress and still under the state of block,and then to brezhnev ruling again centralized return,make the country into a comprehensivestagnation.The fourth chapter mainly discuss the abuse of democracy and the callpse of thesoviet unoin.At the beginning of the ruling of Gorbagev,social ideology had adivided trend obviously, bureaucratic class had been formed in brezhnev period,thisclass undermained the democracy and interfered national politicai system,bureauarcyand their relativs broke the country,and have many people called“grave digger”thatthey wanted to breakdown the country.Gorbachev took radical democratic reformsled to the collapse of the soviet union.Western democratic reforms didn’t save thecountry,accerelated to collapse however.democracy should grow frombottom-up,radical copy other countries must bring bad situation.In fact,as the leaderof the party and country,he gave up the leadership of the contry independedtly,gaveup the marxism ideologydominance,gave up the organization of the democraticcentralism,his so–called “humanity,democratic socialism”took a democraticsocialism actually.In addition,a considerable elites in party of the soviet union havechange to capitalist agent,they wanted to make the country into acapitalism,democratic’s advocation and gorbachev’s compromise formed force,thesoviet union was destoryed completely.The tragic ending is worthy tostudy,summarize and draw lessens by other socialist countries.The soviet union’s democratic enlightment as the conclusion,from the processof socialist construction of the soviet union in74years,bring lessen and historicalenlightment to other socialist countries.From gorbachev reform to collapse of thesoviet union to taday’s Russia democratic status,we should recognize thetruth:political reform is necessary,but not overthrow the socialist political systemcompletely,we should reform the system that already not adapt to the healtydevelopment of the country,and shouldn’t give up Marxism ideology dominance,andat the same time,we should understand the risk of radical democracy,alert radicaldemocracy repeat.更多还原