【作者】 刘志；

【导师】 张向葵；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 创业意向是潜在创业者对从事创业活动与否的一种主观态度，是人们具有类似于创业者特质的程度以及人们对创业的态度、能力的一般描述。创业意向是创业行为的最好预测指标，是了解创业行为的中心点，因此，创业意向是创业行为研究的最佳切入点。当前，创业意向研究已经成为全世界创业研究的新焦点。与此同时，我国确立了―提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家‖和―促进以创业带动就业‖的发展战略。大学生是最具创新、创业潜力的群体之一，大力加强大学生创业意向研究成为迫在眉睫的任务。然而，文献研究结果表明，我国创业意向研究尚处初级阶段。尽管学者们在创业意向的概念界定、影响因素分析等方面开展了积极的研究，但仍然存在着一定问题，比如，创业意向的概念与内涵需要进一步深入探究，创业意向测量的科学性需要进一步提高，创业意向的影响因素研究需要进一步完善，研究对象需要更加准确、精细定位，等等。为此，本研究采取理论分析与实证调查相结合、质性与定量研究相结合的方法，对大学生创业意向的结构、现状、影响因素及提升对策进行探析。具体主要包括以下三个子研究。研究一，大学生创业意向维度结构研究。采取定性与定量相结合的方法，在自编《大学生创业意向调查问卷》（CSEIQ）的基础上，创新性地构建起中国大学生创业意向结构模型。研究发现：我国大学生创业意向包括创业行为倾向、创业希求性和创业可行性三个一级维度。其中创业希求性包括物质性、控制感、成就感、创新性四个二级维度，创业可行性包括能力、个性、经验、资源四个二级维度。研究二，大学生创业意向现状调查研究。以自主开发大学生创业意向调查问卷（CSEIQ）为工具，以全国12个省市的18所高等学校的5000多名大学生为样本开展了大学生创业意向现状研究，全面总结了当前我国大学生创业意向的水平及特点。结果表明：我国大学生创业意向总体处于中等略偏低水平；男大学生的创业意向水平明显高于女大学生；独生子女的创业意向水平高于非独生子女；有家人从商的学生的创业意向水平高于没有家人从商的学生；有创业经历的学生的创业意向水平明显高于无创业经历的学生；接受过丰富创业教育的学生创业意向水平明显高于接受其他程度创业教育的学生；大四学生的创业意向最强，大一学生的创业意向最弱；农学专业的学生的创业意向最强，医学军事专业的学生最弱；东部沿海地区生源和高校大学生的创业意向水平均为最高。研究三，大学生创业意向影响因素的质化研究。采取半结构化访谈方法对大学生创业意向的影响因素进行探究。在对人格特质、所学专业、就业形势等14方面因素的影响作用进行验证和对影响方式进行详细、深入了解的同时，第一次发现并提出大学生自身成长经历、既有人生理想和职业发展目标、父母教养方式三方面因素对大学生创业意向的影响。依据上述研究中形成的理论模型和实证结果，文章对大学生创业意向的提升对策进行了讨论，指出加强和改进创业教育是高校提升大学生创业意向最为直接而有效的对策。文章在分析提出大学生创业教育心理接受包含―内化—外化‖的双向建构、―价值—事实‖的双维合成、―关系—过程‖的双态共生三方面具体机制的同时，从关系理析、理论依据辨析和价值取向定位三个角度对大学生创业教育的科学设计进行了哲学思考，并提出包含整合创业教育基本理论模型和构建全方位、系统化、纵深化创业教育实践体系两方面内容的大学生创业教育优化策略。总体而言，本研究的创新意义和价值主要体现在四个方面：一是自主开发了符合心理测量学要求的大学生创业意向调查问卷（CSEIQ），目前国内最新的专门针对我国大学生群体的创业意向测量工具，为我国大学生创业意向的测量和内涵研究奠定了基础；二是借助自主开发大学生创业意向调查问卷（CSEIQ）专门对大学生的创业意向维度结构进行研究，并创造性地构建了我国大学生创业意向的维度结构模型，为更加科学、准确地理解大学生创业意向的内涵奠定了理论基础；三是抽取全国12个省市的18所高等学校的5000多名大学生样本开展了大学生创业意向现状调查，全面总结了当前大学生创业意向的水平及特点，是目前国内最为全面、客观的大学生创业意向现状研究成果之一；四是采取质性访谈的方法不仅对以往研究中提到的创业意向影响因素进行了验证和更加真实、具体、有效的描述，而且获得创业意向影响因素的创新发现，为今后创业意向影响因素的量化实证提供有益启示。同时，本研究也存在两方面缺憾，即，大学生创业意向调查问卷（CSEIQ）开发过程的选样需要优化，大学生创业意向影响因素之间关系的探究有待进一步深入。接下来，本研究应围绕大学生创业意向测量工具的完善、干预实验以及跨文化比较等内容进行深化和拓展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Entrepreneurial intention is a kind of subjective attitude that whether potentialentrepreneur are willing to engage in business activities, is the degree which people havesimilar to the characteristics of entrepreneurs and the general description of generalpeople’s entrepreneurial attitude and ability. Entrepreneurial intention is the best predictorof entrepreneurship, is the core of the understanding of entrepreneurship. Thereforeentrepreneurial intention is the best breakthrough point of entrepreneurship research. Atpresent, the entrepreneurial intention research has become a new focus onentrepreneurship research all over the world. At the same time, our country has establishedthe "improve capacity for independent innovation, building an innovative country" and"promote job creation and encourage entrepreneurship to create more employmentopportunities" development strategy. College students are one of the most innovative andpotential of entrepreneurship groups. In this context, to strengthen the college students’entrepreneurial intention research becomes an imminent task. However, domestic researchon entrepreneurial intention is just started. Although scholars have taken a series ofresearch on some aspects such as defining the concept of entrepreneurial intention,analyzing the influencing factors. But there are still some problems. For instance, theconception and meaning of entrepreneurial intention need to be further explored, scientificmeasurements of entrepreneurial intention need to be further improved, influencing factorsof entrepreneurial intention need to be further improved, object of the study needs to bemore precise positioned and so on.Therefore, this study adopts a way which combined quantization with orientation, aswell as the empirical and theoretical analysis to appraisal the structure, present situation,influence factors and promotion countermeasures of college students’ entrepreneurialintention. Specific content mainly includes the following three parts:The first part, the college students’ entrepreneurial intention dimensions structure research. I use both qualitative and quantitative methods, on the basis of editing the"college students’ entrepreneurial intention questionnaire"(CSEIQ), innovatively builtChinese college students entrepreneurial intention structure model. We found that collegestudents’ entrepreneurial intention in China, including entrepreneurial behavior inclination,entrepreneurial desires and entrepreneurial feasibility those three primary dimensions.Entrepreneurial desires include materiality, sense of control, sense of achievement,innovativeness those four secondary dimensions. Entrepreneurial feasibility includingability, personality, experience and resources four secondary dimension.The second part, the present situation of college students’ entrepreneurial intentioninvestigation. Using the independent development of college students’ entrepreneurialintention questionnaire (CSEIQ) as a tool,5000college students from18universities of12provinces and cities as samples, we researched on the present situation of college students’entrepreneurial intentions and comprehensively summarized the level and features of thecurrent college students’ entrepreneurial intention in China. Results show that the Chinesecollege students’ entrepreneurial intention is of medium level or slightly lower; Malecollege students’ entrepreneurial intention level is significantly higher than femalestudents’; the entrepreneurial intention level of the only child higher than the non-onlychild; the entrepreneurial intention level of students who come from business family ishigher than students without business family; the entrepreneurial intention level ofstudents with entrepreneurial experience is significantly higher than those withoutentrepreneurial experience; entrepreneurship intention of students who accept rich levelsentrepreneurial education is obviously higher than students who accept other degreeentrepreneurship education; the most active college entrepreneur is the seniors, freshmanstudents’ entrepreneurial intention is the weakest; the entrepreneurial intention level ofagronomy specialized students is the strongest; the level of military medical students is theweakest; the level of entrepreneurial intention of college students on the east coast andcolleges students from that area are the highest.The third part, qualitative research on the influencing factor of college students’entrepreneurial intention. A semi-structured interview method to explore the influencingfactors of college students’ entrepreneurial intentions. I tested the influences and functionof14factors such as personality traits, profession, employment effects and got a deep understanding of their affecting ways. Meanwhile it is the first time that I have found andproposed three aspects, college students’ growth experience, both the life ideal and careerdevelopment goals, the ways of parents teaching, that influence college students’entrepreneurial intentions.According to the theoretical models and empirical results in the above study, wediscussed the measures to enhance college students’ entrepreneurial intention in article, aswell as pointed out that to strengthen and improve entrepreneurship education is themost direct and effective countermeasures to promote college students entrepreneurialintention.This paper analyzed and proposed college students’ psychological acceptance toentrepreneurship education includes the "Internalization-outside" two-way construction,"Value-facts‖dual-dimensional synthesis,"Relationships-process" two-state symbiosisthose three specific mechanisms. At the same time, it conducted a philosophical reflectionon the scientific design of college students’ entrepreneurship education from relationshipanalysis, theoretical basis analysis and values positioning; and proposed optimizationstrategies on college students’ entrepreneurship education from two aspects, to integrateentrepreneurship education basic theoretical model and to build comprehensive,systematic, vertical entrepreneurship education practice system.Overall, the significance and value of innovation is mainly reflected in four aspects:First, we developed students entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (CSEIQ) which inline with the requirements of psychometric, the latest entrepreneurial intentionmeasurement tools specifically for group of college students at present, which laidfoundation for the measurement and research on the meaning of college students’entrepreneurial intention. Second, we carried a special research on students’entrepreneurial intentions dimensional structure in the process of designing students’entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (CSEIQ). And we also creatively constructedcollege students’ entrepreneurial intention dimensional structure model laid a theoreticalfoundation for a more scientific and accurate understanding of the meaning of collegestudents’ entrepreneurial intention. Third, we did a research on college students’ presententrepreneurial intention among over5000college students from18colleges anduniversities in the12provinces and cities in our country and conducted a comprehensivesummary of the current college students’ level and characteristics in entrepreneurial intention. It is currently one of the most comprehensive and objective college students’entrepreneurial intention surveys. Fourth, we take qualitative interview method not onlyvalidated factors affecting entrepreneurial intention in previous studies and had morereal, concrete and effective description of them, but also gained new discovery of factorsaffecting entrepreneurial intention and provided effective enlightenment for thequantitative empirical about entrepreneurial intention influencing factors in the future.Meanwhile this research does also have two shortcomings. First the sampling process ofcollege students’ entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (CSEIQ) need to be optimizedand the relations among influencing factors of college students’ entrepreneurial intentionneed to be dig into further. Next, this research should be conducted further and deeper onperfect measurement tool about college students’ entrepreneurial intention, interventionistexperiment and cross-cultural comparison and so on.更多还原