【作者】 李娟；

【导师】 孙群郎；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2013， 博士

【副题名】美国郊区新镇研究（1960s-1980s）

【摘要】 新镇是二战结束后在欧美等许多国家和地区兴起的一种城市规划和开发形式。美国新镇于20世纪60年代开始大量出现，但早在20世纪20、30年代，美国就先后出现了田园城市和绿带城镇，成为美国新镇的早期发展形式。二战结束后，美国城市进入新的发展阶段，其中，城市郊区的爆炸式发展是一个重要表现。在郊区的迅猛发展过程中，大多数社区都缺乏长远规划，日益形成低密度无序蔓延之势，结果引发了一系列社会和环境问题。另一方面，中心城市在大都市区中的优势主导地位也不断遭到削弱，各种矛盾和冲突日益加剧，到20世纪60年代，许多城市出现了“危机”状况。面对中心城市和郊区发展中存在的诸多问题，美国社会各界展开了广泛讨论。其中，许多城市规划者、社会改革者、地产开发商以及政府官员积极倡导进行新镇开发。有鉴于此，笔者选取郊区作为本文研究的切入点和研究视角，并以美国政府文献及相关研究机构的资料为研究依据，在学习和借鉴中美学者已有研究成果的基础上，对新镇在美国的发展进行论述。全文由引言、正文和结语三大部分组成。引言部分主要介绍了本文的选题缘由、中美学界的研究综述、本文的研究目标和意义，以及研究的创新与不足等问题。正文第一章追溯美国新镇的起源和早期发展情况，主要包括英国社会活动家霍华德提出的田园城市理论，以及莱奇沃思与韦林两座田园城市的建立；20世纪20年代美国的田园城市运动与“新政”时期联邦政府提出的绿带城镇计划等；第二章着重分析60年代新镇兴起的背景和原因，包括后工业社会的来临、白人中产阶级队伍的壮大、社区开发的盛行和大都市区发展中存在的问题。然后对美国新镇的主要特征进行概述，从整体上凸显新镇的“新”意。在此基础上，第三、四章重点论述美国新镇理想与现实悖论的具体体现，即社会融合、环境保护和联邦政府政策三个方面。其中，第三章首先论述美国传统郊区居住模式所造成的种族、阶层隔离以及环境破坏等问题，然后结合具体的新镇案例——雷斯顿、哥伦比亚和伍德兰兹，对美国新镇的社会改革目标进行论述。第四章则详细论述了美国联邦政府新镇政策的制定、实施及影响，主要包括《1968年住房与城市发展法》（第四条）和《1970年住房与城市发展法》（第七条），试图探究联邦政府与企业个体在城市社区开发中的合作关系。第五章对美国新镇的历史地位和影响进行总结和概括。从横向来看，与传统郊区相比，新镇具有许多创新性规划思想和原则，但在实践过程中却因政治、经济、文化和社会等因素而没有完全落实；从纵向来看，新镇不仅为政府与企业合作开发社区做出了有益探索，而且为新城市主义的兴起提供了经验和教训。结语部分对全文进行概括总结，并在此基础上总结美国新镇开发运动的成败得失。更多还原

【Abstract】 New Town is a form of urban planning and development which has been popular inEurope and America since the World War II. It’s a production of urbanization. In the UnitedStates, new towns are closely connected with its suburbanization. In the late1920s and30s,there were garden cities and greenbelt towns, they were important experiences of Americannew towns. Since the World War II, suburb has been taking control of metropolitan area inthe U.S. In the process, most suburbs lacked master planning; as a result, it caused a series ofsocial and environmental issues, which gave rise to sprawl. On the other hand, as for centralcities, their dominant advantages in the metropolis have been weakened, and various kinds ofcontradiction and conflict have been aggravated. In the1960s, many cities got into “crisis”.Confronted with such kinds of problems in central cities and suburban areas, the United Stateslaunched widely discussion. And many urban planners, social reformers, property developersand local governments actively advocate for new town development. Based on a large numberof primary literatures of the United States governments, reports of all kinds of researchinstitutions and scholars related writings, I intend to explore suburban new towns, usinghistorical research perspective and comprehensive approach.The dissertation is consisted of three parts: introduction, five chapters, and conclusion.The introduction mainly introduces the reasons of choosing such a topic, an overview of theprevious research works by American and Chinese scholars, research objectives, innovationsand shortcomings of this dissertation.Then Chapter One reviews the origins and evolutions of American new towns, includingthe British garden city theory and practice, and case studies of Letchworth and Welywn;American garden cities in the late20s, and the greenbelt towns during the “New Deal”.Chapter Two focuses on the reasons for the spring up of new towns development in the1960sand1970s, mainly including two aspects, they were the transformation to post-industrialsociety and the problems existing in metropolitan area. Consequently, points out somecharacteristics of American new towns, that is what were “new” in new towns. Chapter Threeand Chapter Four mainly discuss new towns’ social goals, including social integration,environmental protection and federal new communities policies. As for Chapter Three, basedon the suburban critique of race and economic class segregation, environmental pollutions anddestroys, it does case studies of Reston, Colombia, and The Woodlands. Chapter Fouremphasizes on the federal government role in the development of new towns, including thelegislation and execution of Housing and Urban Development of1968, Title IV, and Housingand Urban Development of1970, Title VII. Chapter Five summarizes the status and influence of American new towns movement, comparing with conventional suburbia and NewUrbanism, and concludes that new towns movement provided important experience andlessons for urban planning and development, as well as the cooperation between governmentsand private enterprises in developing communities. The Conclusion part briefly generalizesthe history of American new towns, especially the ones in1960s and1970s, but the politicaland economic systems and complex social conditions determine the difficulties of the newtown developments in the United States.更多还原