【作者】 孙文彦；

【导师】 赵秉强；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 植物营养学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本论文以定位试验为平台,等磷钾投入条件下,设置4个有机肥氮(牛粪,按纯氮计0、45、120、240kg/ha)、6个无机肥氮水平(尿素,按纯氮计0、45、90、120、180、240kg/ha)肥料处理试验,共4x6=24处理；在此基础上设置冬小麦(济麦19、科农9204、石麦15、潍麦8)和夏玉米(莱农14、NE9、先玉335、中农99)品种裂区试验,研究氮肥类型(有机肥氮、化肥氮、有机氮和无机氮配施)和用量对不同基因型小麦玉米产量及水氮利用的影响。主要结果如下：1.不同氮肥类型和用量的产量效应。本试验条件下,小麦和玉米产量与无机氮量呈线性+平台关系。小麦季单施无机氮130kg/ha,玉米季单施无机氮80.7kg/ha即可达相应的作物最高平台产量水平。小麦和玉米产量与有机氮投入量之间呈线性正相关。本试验单施有机氮最高量240kg/ha情况下,小麦产量仍未达到最高产量水平；而玉米则可达到最高产量水平。以无机氮为基础配施有机氮,当小麦季无机氮用量180kg/ha或更高、玉米季无机氮用量120kg/ha或更高,配施不同有机氮水平间产量无显著差异。以有机氮为基础配施无机氮,随有机氮用量增加,小麦和玉米均表现为初始产量逐次升高但平台产量差异不显著,达到最高平台产量所需的无机氮量则随有机氮投入量增加而依次减小。本试验无机氮投入低于240kg/ha时,等氮量不同氮肥类型间比较,单施有机氮处理小麦或玉米产量均显著低于相应的单施无机氮处理,有机无机配施产量介于两者之间。等氮量240kg/ha不同氮肥类型间比较,单施无机氮(0/240处理)和有机无机配施(120/120处理)的小麦或玉米产量在此两个氮肥类型间无显著差异。小麦季单施有机氮240/0处理产量显著低于单施无机氮和有机无机配施；玉米季,三者之间无显著差异。有机肥在玉米上的增产效应比小麦更高。在小麦季,有机无机配施中的有机氮相当于其氮含量1/2的化肥氮；有机氮单施替代其氮含量1/3的化肥氮。在玉米季,配施和单施有机氮的化肥氮替代当量分别为100%和50%。2.不同氮肥类型和用量对氮素吸收利用的影响。三种氮肥类型下,小麦和玉米均为施氮量越高,地上部吸氮量越多；而氮肥农学效率AE、偏生产力PFP、氮肥回收率RE、氮肥生理效率PE、氮素生理利用率IE则随施氮量增加而下降。在小麦季,等氮量240kg/ha投入条件下,单施无机氮(0/240)和配施(120/120)处理的地上部吸氮量、氮收获指数NHI及AE、PFP、RE和PE、IE,在此两个氮肥类型间均无显著差异；0/240和120/120处理的吸氮量及AE、PFP、RE显著高于单施有机氮240/0处理,而前两者的NHI和PE及IE则显著低于单施有机氮。在玉米季,等氮量240kg/ha投入条件下,单施无机氮(0/240)和配施(120/120)处理的地上部吸氮量、氮收获指数NHI及AE、PFP、RE和PE、IE,两个氮肥类型间也无显著差异；0/240和120/120处理的吸氮量显著高于单施有机氮240/0处理,而前两者的NHI和PE及IE则显著低于单施有机氮,前两者的RE显著高于单施有机氮,AE和PFP在三种氮肥类型间差异不显著。3.不同氮肥类型和用量的土体氮素残留、损失及表观平衡。小麦和玉米季,不论何种氮肥类型,施氮量越高土体无机氮残留越多。施氮量不高于90kg/ha土体无机氮残留量较低,小麦或玉米收获时土体无机氮(硝态氮和铵态氮之和)残留量在0-100cm土体和0-200cm土体分别小于80kg/ha和150kg/hao施无机氮240kg/ha,小麦收获后0-100cm和0-200cm土体无机氮残留量分别达到150和300kg/ha;玉米收获后分别为260和600kg/hao等氮量240kg/ha投入条件下,小麦或玉米单施无机氮0/240处理的土体无机氮残留量大于有机氮单施(240/0),有机无机配施(120/120)的介于两者之间。小麦和玉米季,不论何种氮肥类型,施氮量越多,0-100cm土体氮素表观损失越大。小麦季,0/240和240/0及120/120之间的0-100cm氮素表观损失量无显著差异,而玉米季0/240和240/0的表观损失无显著差异且两者显著的高于120/120处理。小麦季,0/0、0/45、45/0处理0-100cm土体氮素表观亏缺,0/90、45/45处理可维持平衡,0/120、120/0、0/240、120/120、240/0处理0-100cm土体氮素表观盈余。玉米季,0/0、0/45、0/90、0/120及45/0、45/45处理0-100cm土体氮素表观亏缺,120/0、120/120处理可维持平衡,0/240和240/0处理表观氮盈余。4.不同氮肥类型和用量土体水分含量变化及水分利用率。小麦播前(即玉米收获后)不同施肥处理土体含水量差异不大,小麦收获后(即玉米播前)不同处理土体含水量呈现显著差异。与单施无机氮相比,单施有机氮处理的含水量较高,有机无机配施介于两者之间。小麦季,施氮量越大表观耗水量越多。玉米季,不同肥料处理间表观耗水量差异较小麦季小。小麦季土体底墒耗水,玉米季土体底墒储水。玉米季大量降雨致使所有肥料处理周年土体水分可维持平衡。小麦季,等氮量对应比较,45/0、120/0、240/0、45/45的WUE显著小于相对应的0/45、0/120、0/240及0/90处理,而120/120与0/240差异不显著。玉米季,等氮量相比,45/0、120/0、240/0的WUE显著低于相对应的0/45、0/120、0/240处理；45/45与0/90之间以及120/120与0/240之间的WUE无显著差异。5.不同氮肥类型和用量对作物籽粒品质的影响。小麦上,0/180和0/240处理产量最高且各项品质指标最优,配施处理120/120对比单施无机氮处理0/240的产量不降低,并且品质指标不下降；施氮量低于240kg/ha时,单施无机氮处理的产量和各项品质指标优于有机无机配施,而有机无机配施又优于单施有机氮。玉米上,粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量均在0/180和0/240或120/120达最大值,粗淀粉含量在0/90时达最大值,施肥处理间粗脂肪含量差异不显著。6.不同基因型小麦玉米的产量和水氮效率及品质表现。不同作物品种之间产量存在显著差异,其中小麦品种石麦15>科农9204>济麦19>潍麦8,玉米品种先玉335>中农99>莱农14>NE9。小麦品种中,石麦15具有最高氮肥农学效率、吸收效率和利用效率,而潍麦8以上指标均最低；玉米品种中,先玉335具有最高的上述指标,NE9上述指标均最低。小麦品种间土壤氮素表观损失无显著差异；玉米品种中农99土壤氮素表观损失最高,NE9次之,最低的是先玉335和莱农14,这与中农99和NE9相对较低的氮肥回收率有关。尽管小麦品种间、玉米品种间的表观耗水量无显著差异,但小麦品种之间比较,石麦15和科农9204的水分利用效率(WUE)相对最高,而潍麦8的相对最低；玉米品种先玉335的WUE最高,NE9的相对最低。小麦品种石麦15的粗蛋白、湿面筋和吸水率比潍麦8低,而沉降值、形成时间和稳定时间比潍麦8高。玉米品种莱农14具有相对高的粗淀粉和粗脂肪含量,先玉335具有相对高的粗蛋白和粗淀粉含量,中农99和NE9具有相对高的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量。更多还原

【Abstract】 Results are summarized for a3-years experiment with3nitrogen input types (organic N; inorganicN; organic N combined with inorganic N) and6input rates (0,45,90,120,180,240kg/ha) in4different winter wheat (JM19, KN9204, SM15, WM8) and4summer maize varieties (LN14, NE9,XY335, ZN99) based on the5-years fertilizer experiment to study the effects of N input types and rateson grain yield and quality, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of different wheat and maize varieties.The results showed that:1. Combined with lower inorganic N (<180kg/ha in wheat and <120kg/ha in maize), higherorganic N could get higher yield, but combined with higher inorganic N, there was no significantdifference between different organic N. And combined with lower organic N input, yield differencebetween different inorganic N was larger, while combined with higher organic N input, yield differencebetween different inorganic N was smaller. Grain yield of organic and inorganic N combined appliedwas higher than that in the treatments with same rate of org N single applied and which was lower thanthe same rate of inorg N single applied; In wheat and maize, the relationship between grain yield andinorg N rates could been expressed in the equation of Line+plateau model, the intercept value waslarger with higher org N combined, while the plateau yield was not significantly different, and theoptimum N rate (critical rate of fertilization) was smaller with higher organic N combined. Thesereplace rule (org N single applied=1/3inorg N; org N combined applied=1/2inorg N; in wheat) and(org N single applied=1/2inorg N; org N combined applied=100%inorg N; in maize) can been used toquantify the effects of different nitrogen types and rates on wheat and maize grain yield.2. With the same N input rate=240kg/ha of three different N input types in wheat and maize,0/240(org N/inorg N, kg/ha) had the same plant N uptake (Nup), N harvest index(NHI), nitrogen agronomicefficiency (AE), partial factor productivity (PFP), recovery efficiency (RE), physiological efficiency(PE) and internal nitrogen efficiency (IE) as these in120/120; and Nupof0/240and120/120was largerthan that in240/0, NHI, PE, IE in0/240and120/120was smaller than that in240/0. In wheat, AE, PFP,RE of0/240and120/120was larger than that in240/0, in maize, AE and PFP was not significantdifferent between0/240,120/120,240/0, while RE of0/240and120/120was larger than that in240/0.3. When total N applied was not higher than90kg/ha,0-100cm and0-200cm soil profile had thelower Nmin accumulation in wheat harvest (60and150kg/ha) and maize harvest (80and140kg/ha).When inorganic N=240kg/ha,0-100cm and0-200cm soil Nmin accumulation was150kg/ha and300kg/ha in wheat harvest;260kg/ha and600kg/ha in maize harvest. With the same N input rate inwheat and maize,45/45had the same soil Nmin accumulation as0/90, while0/240>120/120>240/0. Inwheat and maize, with three different N input types, higher N input had higher0-100cm soil Nminapparent loss. Different N input types and rates had significant effects on0-100cm soil Nmin apparentbalance. In wheat,0/0,0/45,45/0had the negative balance;0/90and45/45could get0-100cm soilNmin balance with f10%;0/120,120/0,0/240,120/120,240/0had positive balance; in maize,0/0,0/45, 0/90,0/120,45/0,45/45had the negative balance;120/0,120/120,0/240,240/0could get0-100cm soilNmin balancef10%.4. Soil water content was not significantly different between different fertilization in maize harvest(before wheat sowing) while which was significantly different in wheat harvest (before maize sowing).In wheat and maize, the treatments of organic N single applied had the highest water content and thenorganic+inorganic N combined, the water content of these two were higher than that in inorganic Nsingle applied. In wheat, higher N had higher water use. In maize, the difference of water use betweenfertilization was smaller than that in wheat. Soil water storage change from sowing to harvest wasnegative in wheat and positive in maize and there was no markedly soil water storage change inwheat-maize rotation. In wheat, with the same N input rates, WUE of45/0,120/0,240/0,45/45weresignificantly lower than that in0/45,0/120,0/240,0/90. While120/120and0/240had the same WUE.In maize, with the same N input rates, WUE of45/0,120/0,240/0were lower than that in0/45,0/120,0/240and there was no significant difference between45/45and0/90,120/120and0/240.5. The inrog N single applied treatments of0/180and0/240had the maximal grain yield and thebest grain quality, which also were in the org+inorg N combined applied treatment of120/120, Withorganic N single applied,45/0,120/0,240/0had the lowest grain yield and quality compared to thetreatments with the same N input rate of inorg N single applied and org+inorg N combined. In maize,the content of crude protein and lysine was highest in the treatments of0/180,0/240,120/120; thecontent of raw starch was highest in the treatment of0/90. All the treatments of fertilization had thesame crude fat content.6. Grain yield was significantly different between varieties, in wheat SM15>KN9204>JM19>WM8; in maize, XY335>ZN99>LN14>NE9. SM15and XY335had the highest Nup, NHI, AE, PFP, RE,PE and IE. WM8had the lowest Nup, AE, PFP, RE, PE, IE except the NHI, and NE9had the lowest Nup,NHI, AE, PFP, RE, PE, IE. Wheat and maize varieties had no significant effects on0-100cm soil Nminapparent balance.0-100cm soil Nmin apparent loss was not different between4wheat varieties, but inmaize the highest Nmin loss was in ZN99and then NE9, LN14and XY335had the lowest Nmin loss.Wheat and maize varieties had no significant effects on apparent water use. In wheat, SM15andKN9204had the highest WUE, and then JM19, WM8had the lowest WUE. In maize, XY335had thehighest WUE and then LN14and ZN99, NE9had the lowest WUE. The content of crude protein, wetgluten and water absorption in SM15was smaller than that in WM8, while sedimentation value,development time and stability time in SM15was higher than that in WM8. LN14had the higher rawstarch and crude fat content than the other maize varieties, XY335had the higher crude protein and rawstarch content, ZN99and NE9had the higher crude protein and crude fat content.更多还原