【作者】 金钟勋；

【导师】 刘晓红；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法大学 ， 国际法， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文以前近代中国国际法的历史和发展过程为研究对象，通过理论分析以及文献研究的方法，考察前近代中国国际法制度的历史发展过程，着重探讨了古代中国国际法上的外交法、贸易法及其接受万国公法后产生的影响等中国国际法史学界研究较为薄弱的问题。古代中国国际法这一思想资源，对于正在快速崛起的中国具有重大的战略价值和研究意义。以美国为中心的近现代国际法逐渐偏离了其原本的意义，西方国家往往借助自身主导的近现代国际法体系侵害其他国家的基本权利，损害了国际法本身具有的正义价值。而古代中国国际法存在外交法、贸易法、战争法、条约法等许多现代意义上的国际法内容，能否为新的国际法体系的形成提供贡献思想资源。本文从国际习惯法有关法律原则这一理论问题入手，研究古代中国国际法的各种法律行为的历史和古代中国国际法是否形成国家习惯法等的问题，勾勒出古代中国国际法的发展轨迹。本文采用历史探究和比较法的逻辑方法进行研究，客观分析关于古代中国国际法的形成，探讨古代中国国际法对当前国际法带来的各种影响。第一章评述了中国国际法与国际习惯法的关系。第一节介绍国际法渊源的概念和中华国际法的意义。据《国际法院规约》第38条规定，1、不论普通或特别国际协约，确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。2、国际习惯，作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者。3、一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者。4、在第五十九条规定之下，司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。国际法渊源当中，国际习惯法是一个核心的内容。虽然前近代中国国际法没明文规定相关内容，但通过几千年的历史，形成了中国独特的各种国际习惯法。第二节介绍了国际习惯法的概念及其成立要件。为了形成国际习惯法需充足两个要素，其一是国际惯行（物质要素），其二是法律确信（心理要素）。主要介绍各种国外学者的看法和国际法院的案例。第三节介绍了中华思想概念及其性质。主要介绍韩国学者对中华秩序的看法。证明中华秩序比近代欧洲国际秩序优秀内容。第二章论述了前近代中华外交法的内容。第一节介绍前近代中华外交法的特点。通过许多历史事实，证明中华独特的外交法内容和形成过程。中华外交法的最大特点就是通过朝贡·册封制度维持中华外交制度。中原强国受到周边弱小国的朝贡，强国给朝贡国册封，中原强国与周边弱小国之间形成外交关系。朝贡制度是从春秋战国时期就成立的概念，通过几千年的历史，维持中华体系最核心的外交制度。朝贡制度本身具有很长的历史，也可构成现代意义上的国际习惯法。第二节主要研究中华国际法体系上的外交机关和外交官的概念。自春秋时期起，就出现了会盟制度，中华国际法体系独特的外交机关形成及其发展起来了。中国的外交制度发展影响到周边国家的外交制度的发展，朝鲜与日本之间出现了通信使概念。古代中华国际法秩序的外交法内容与维也纳外交关系公约内容非常相似，不可否定中华秩序上的外交习惯影响到西方外交制度的可能性。第三节主要介绍了古代中华地区的战争法内容，特别是春秋战国时期的战争习惯。春秋战国时期是战争习惯发展速度最快的一段时期，自春秋战国时期起许多战争有关习惯形成起来。与现代战争法比较方式，找出春秋战国时期战争习惯的优点。还研究春秋战国时期的战争法给现代战争法带来的影响。第四节主要研究中华国际法秩序上的漂流民和外交文件问题。从春秋战国时期起，形成了漂流民和外交文件有关制度，在长期的历史演进中，有关制度发展起来了，文章重点介绍了宋朝、明朝和清朝漂流民问题的解决方法和制度的特点。同时比较分析了中华秩序上的固有习惯与1910年缔结的《救助公约》，两个制度的内容非常相似，证明中华国际秩序习惯的先进性。第三章评述了前近代中华贸易法的内容。第一节介绍朝贡贸易制度有关的历史事例的方式，研究朝贡贸易制度。还介绍了勘合贸易、八包贸易等多样的贸易方式。第二节主要研究市舶司有关制度。公元714年唐王朝设置了市舶司制度，主要是为了控制对外贸易关系而创设的。市舶司制度执行对外国商人有利的政策，导致了引诱外国商人投资的效果。虽然市舶司制度与1937年缔结的《关于简化和协调海关制度的国际公约》内容不尽相同，但其设立目的和产生的效果却是一样。第四章论证万国公法导入和中华国际法体系的崩溃。第一节主要介绍万国公法的导入过程及其内容。万国公法是美国传教士丁韪良翻译的一本书，第一次介绍西方近代国际法概念。由于万国公法的导入，第一次出现了主权国家的概念，原来的垂直和不平等的国际关系变成横向和平等的国际关系。第二节主要研究万国公法给朝鲜带来的影响。将朝鲜的万国公法接受阶段分为三个阶段。还介绍了朝鲜与西方国家和中国维持的两载体制论。更多还原

【Abstract】 The subject of this paper is on the history and development of pre-modern poor-law inChina to reflect upon the growth process of its international law system through theoreticalanalysis and case study method. The study will mainly focus on the diplomatic and trade lawand the influence on the history of China’s international law as an effort to complement onthe academic field of China’s international law.The first chapter is on the evaluation analysis of the relationship between internationallaw and common law in China. It introduces the origin of international law concept and thesignificance of neutralized international law. According to ICJ Regulation Article38, it isdefined as,“The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law suchdisputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general orparticular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. internationalcustom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of lawrecognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article59, judicial decisionsand the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiarymeans for the determination of rules of law.”Common law is the main content in the origin of international law. Although it is notspecifically defined in the pre-modern international law, it has been uniquely formulatedthroughout the China’s history of thousands of years. Secondly, this chapter covers theconcept of international common law and the conditions for its establishment. There are twoconditions to be met for international common law to be established. First one is‘international practice (material factor)’ and the second one is ‘confidence in law legislation (psychological factor). Many studies have been done to introduce the international cases andperspectives of different scholars. Thirdly, this chapter also introduces the concept of‘Sinocentrism’ and its characteristics. The views of Korean scholars are mainly covered whilefocusing on its advantages to pre-modern European international order.The second chapter is on the diplomatic law of pre-modern China. The first part on thispaper previously introduced the characteristics of diplomatic law. Through many historicalcases, the context and structural process of Chinese diplomatic law was accounted for. Themost important feature of the diplomatic law is that the system is maintained through tributeand ‘installation system’. Diplomatic relations are formed as stronger countries receivetribute from neighboring weaker countries while granting their rights to rule. Tribute systemhas been the approved system since the era of ‘Chun-Choo Whole Country’, and it serves asthe crucial diplomatic system to maintain the Chinese system for thousands of years. It hasbeen proved that such tribute-installation system has been maintained and developedthroughout many eras, eventually establishing international common law.Diplomatic institutions and diplomats in the system of Chinese international law areintroduced in the second chapter, as well.‘Covenant System (Hui-Meng System)’ has beenestablished after the era of ‘Chun-Choo Whole Country’ and diplomatic agencies have beenformed and developed.The development of diplomatic system in China led to the growth of diplomatic system inneighboring countries. Chosun and Japan at that time had their diplomatic relations viacommunication system. The purpose and activities of diplomat stipulated in the diplomaticpledge and law of Chinese international law is very similar and it is difficult to refute the factthat it had some impacts on western diplomatic system. Thirdly, this chapter touches uponvagabonds and diplomatic document problems within the international law. This system hasalso been established since the era of ‘Chun-Choo Whole Country’ and it has been fixated asa custom for a long time. The policy measures for vagabonds in Song/Ming/Ching dynastyare studied along with their institutional characteristics. The comparative analysis has beenconducted on the China’s own custom with salvage agreement in1910.(CONVENTIONFOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW RELATING TO ASSISTANCEAND SALVAGE AT SEA, BRUSSELS,23SEPTEMBER1910) It is a custom that has beenpracticed for a long period of time and it is easy to notice its greatness when comparing itwith current system. The third chapter is on the trade law of pre-modern China. The first part of this chapterintroduces many historical cases, along with various trade methods like interlocking,‘Babao’trade methods to examine tribute trade system. Second part is on the study of governmentalauthorities for overseas trade. The ‘governmental offices for overseas trade system(市舶使)’was made to control and handle the diplomatic trade relations since AD714. This system ispracticed to the advantage of foreign traders, thereby inducing foreign investment in China.This system is not entirely the same as what is regulated in the International Convention onthe Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (1937). But its purpose andeffect is the similar.The fourth chapter is on the adoption of ‘Elements of international law’ and theof international law system in pre-modern China. The first part introduces the process andcontent of ‘Elements of international law’. It is translated by an American missionary, HenryWheaton in1864, and it systemically illustrated Western modern law concepts to China. Theinception of ‘Elements of international law’ led to the birth of sovereign state concept. Theinternational relation has changed from vertical, unequal order to more horizontal and equalone. The second part studies on its influence of Chosun dynasty with3parts analysis foracceptance process. Also,‘Dual system theory’ is introduced for analyzing the problems ofChosun dynasty in the context of modern order between its modern relations with westerncountries.更多还原