【作者】 程驰；

【导师】 周爱国；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 丹霞地貌(Danxia Landform)是指由产状水平或平缓的层状铁钙质混合不均匀胶结而成的红色碎屑岩(主要是砾岩和砂岩),受垂直或高角度节理切割,并在差异风化、重力崩塌、流水溶蚀、风力侵蚀等综合作用下形成的有陡崖的城堡状、宝塔状、针状、柱状、棒状、方山状或峰林状的地形。自二十世纪三十年代末陈国达提出“丹霞地形”以来,作为地貌学一个新的领域,已日趋成熟,国内外大量的丹霞地貌被地学界的专家们发现并加以研究,大量的丹霞地貌景观被开发利用,成为当地的旅游胜地。白石山丹霞地貌位于桂平城区东南35km、麻垌镇西北8km处。地质上位于华南板块南华活动带大瑶山隆起的南缘,受区域构造控制,山体走向为NNE向。白石山山体长约30km,宽约8km。由古近纪红色砂砾岩、砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、不等粒砂岩和细砂岩等构成,为典型的丹霞地貌。受风化作用,远望山体呈白色而得名。论文基于前人对丹霞地貌理论研究的综合成果,结合广西白石山丹霞地貌地质地貌发育特点,对其景观类型、成因机制、发育过程和科学价值等内容进行系统研究。白石山丹霞地貌是典型的丹霞地貌景观,是古近纪山间盆地沉积的红色碎屑岩,历经构造运动盆地隆起、侵蚀、溶蚀作用、流水切割以及重力崩塌等内、外动力作用塑造形成。白石山丹霞地貌典型集中,类型齐全,景观独特。具有典型的“顶平、身陡、麓缓”的丹霞地貌特征。从方山、峰丛、孤峰、石柱到残丘,发育丹霞地貌演化各阶段的地貌形态,景观保持自然状态,系统完整。白石山丹霞地貌具有地层沉积时代新、形态宏伟的特点,在各丹霞地貌中较为罕见,具有很高的科学价值。到目前为止,对广西白石山丹霞地貌的研究仅仅局限于相关地质调查工作,而系统的学术研究比较少,其理论研究比较薄弱。因此该选题在理论上具有明显的创新。由于桂平国家地质公园是2009年才获得建设国家地质公园的资格,目前还处于建设阶段,因此该论文研究成果可以很好的指导该公园的建设,如地质遗迹资源的保护,地质博物馆的建设与布展,标识系统的构建和科普旅游产品的设计等等,因此该论文选题具有非常好的实践意义。本论文在研究过程中主要取得了以下一些新的认识和创新：(1)总结归纳白石山丹霞地貌发育特点和空间分布特征白石山除了具有典型丹霞地貌所具有的“顶平、身陡、麓缓”坡面基本特征外,更以山体宏伟壮观而极具特色。新近沉积的近水平岩层和垂直节理综合控制了白石山地貌景观,可分为丹霞正地貌和丹霞负地貌,前者包括方山、峰丛、石柱、孤峰、残丘和崖壁,后者包括巷谷、洞穴、凹槽和壶穴等。(2)揭示自石山丹霞地貌发育的地质背景和成因机制白石山丹霞地貌的物质组成来源于新近纪沉积的陆相碎屑岩。在白石山盆地内和干旱氧化的条件下,堆积了厚395-429m的红色砂砾岩,沉积山间盆地地层因岩性单一不易划分,统称为古近纪。岩性为紫红色厚层块状砾岩、砂砾严、砂岩、粉砂岩和夹泥质砂岩。白石山位于南华准地台之华夏褶皱带西缘,该区内褶皱断裂发育,区域构造走向主要为北东向,次为东西向、北西向及近南北向,它们纵横交错,新老构造重叠干扰现象较为显著。其形成和发展受区域上的麻垌-六陈NE向断裂和耀村-麻垌S-N向断裂控制,在多次的构造活动过程中,形成NE向、NW向和S-N向等主断裂和节理。古近纪厚层砾岩、砂砾岩被这些断裂和节理带切割成形状各异块体,红层盆地内NE向和S-N向主断裂控制了区内丹霞群山边界走向及山块排列方向。E-W向、S-N向、NNE向、NEE向及NNW向次级断裂构造及节理控制了区内丹霞石柱、线谷、峡谷排列方向。白石山丹霞地貌经历了成岩、盆地隆升和丹霞地貌塑形三个阶段。根据白石山丹霞地貌的特点,区内丹霞地貌以峰丛、石柱和孤峰为主,局部地段发育有方山和半方山,而白石山周边发育不连续的丹霞残丘。表明白石山园区处于丹霞地貌演化旋回的早期到中期阶段,而周边的白垩系盆地处于演化的消亡期。(3)提出结白石山丹霞地貌景观的典型性和稀有性在系统归纳总结白石山丹霞地貌景观特点基础上,从定性和定量两个方面对其科学价值、美学价值和开发价值等进行综合评价,并将其与国内外相关典型丹霞地貌景观进行全方位综合对比,从而指出白石山丹霞地貌的典型性和稀有性。与其它世界地质公园的丹霞地貌景观相比,桂平国家地质公园白石山园区内的丹霞地貌景观毫不逊色,极具区域典型性、稀有性,主要体现在以下儿个方面：(1)东南部湿润区低海拔峰林峰丛型丹霞的典型；(2)沉积时代新；(3)丹霞地貌类型全面、单体规模大、色彩独特；(4)宗教文化色彩浓厚。(4)探讨了基于地质公园计划的白石山丹霞地貌保护和可持续利用基于地质公园计划,对白石山丹霞地貌的保护和可持续利用进行深入研究。虽然白石山丹霞地貌已被列入建设国家地质公园的资格,但对其有效保护和可持续利用是进行地质公园建设的前提和核心功能,因此论文对这一内容进行详细系统研究,以期为桂平国家地质公园的可持续发展提供科学的理论基础。鉴于目前地质公园计划的日益盛行,目前对以丹霞地貌为核心的资源保护和可持续利用的最佳方式就是建立地质公园,通过地质公园的建设,不但可以实现对丹霞地貌的有效保护,同时还可以实现对丹霞地貌的旅游开发,从而实现对其可持续利用的目的。丹霞地貌型地质公园的建设以丹霞地貌景观资源为核心,同时注重对其它相关地质遗迹资源和人文景观资源的开发,可以进一步提高地质公园资源的综合品位。更多还原

【Abstract】 Danxia Landform refers to the scarp castle-like, pagoda-like, acicular, columnar, rod and the Fangshan like or peaks-like terrain which is made by the combination of the red clastic rocks (mainly conglomerate and sandstone), which is cemented by uneven mixing of layered iron calcium with level or gently occurrence, subjected to vertical or high-angle joints cut and differential weathering, gravitational collapse, water dissolution, wind erosion and so on."danxia landform" as a new field in geomorphology has become increasingly mature since Chen guoda put forward it in the late1930s. A large number of danxia landform was found and studied by geologists at home and abroad, and a great deal of Danxia landscapes were exploited, which become the local tourist attractions.The Baishi Mountain Danxia landform located in the southeast of Guiping City thirty-five kilometers and in the northwest of Madong Town eight kilometers. The southern margin of the Southern China plate on the geology in Dayaoshan uplift of the South China active zone, controlled by regional tectonic, the mountain strike is NNE. Baishi Mountain is about thirty kilometers, eight kilometers wide. Composed of third lines of red sandstone, conglomerate, pebbly coarse sandstone, inequigranular sandstone and fine sandstone, is a typical Danxia landform. By weathering,this hill is named after watching the shape is white.Paper based on the comprehensive research results of previous theoretical studies of Danxia landform and combined with the characteristics of Baishi Mountain Danxia landform geology landscape development in Guangxi, in order to study systemically on its landscape type, formation mechanism, development process and scientific value. BaiShi Mountain Danxia landform is a typical case; this is the red clastic rock in third intermontane basin deposition, during the period of tectonic movement basin uplift, erosion, dissolution, water cutting, and gravitational collapse of the inner and outer dynamic role in shaping formation. BaiShi Mountain Danxia landform typical centralized, the type is complete, also has a unique landscape. With the typical features of "flat top, steep, slow foot hill". From the mountain, peak cluster, butte, pillar to the monadnock, landform evolution topography, landscape left in its natural state and the system is complete. Baishi Mountain Danxia landform is sedimentary in new era, morphological characteristics of the great, is rare in the Danxia landform, so it has a very high scientific value. So far, the research on Guangxi Baishi Mountain Danxia landform was limited to the investigation of geological work, and less academic research system, its theoretical research is relatively weak. Obviously this topic has innovation in theory.Owing to the National Geopark in Guiping has obtained the qualification of building the National Geopark until2009, which is still in the construction phase. Therefore, the research results of this paper can be a good guide to the park, such as the protection of geological heritage resources, construction and arrangement of Geological Museum, identification system and popular science tourism product design and so forth, thus this thesis would have a very good practical significance.During the research of the paper mainly achieved the following new ideas and innovation:(1) Summarize the development characteristics and spatial distribution characteristics of Danxia landform in Baishi Mountain.Besides the slope basic features of typical Danxia landform which include "flat top, steep slope, slow foothill", Baishi mountain is rather characterized by its magnificent hills further. Baishishan landscape had been controlled compositely by recently deposited nearly horizontal strata and vertical joints, and which can be divided into the Danxia positive landscape and negative one, the former includes mesa, peak cluster, pillars, single peak, monadnock and cliffs and the lane valley, cave, grooves and potholes belong to the latter.(2) Reveal the geological background and formation mechanism of Danxia landform development in Baishi Mountain.The material composition of Danxia landscape derives from the clastic rocks of continental facies in the third tertiary deposition. Under conditions of the inner of Baishi Mountain basin and drought and oxidation, there accumulates red sandstone and conglomerate about395-429meters thick. For the single lithology, sedimentary basin is not easy to divide, so which is named Paleogene collectively. So the lithology includes purplish red thick massive conglomerate, sandy conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and argillaceous sandstone.Baishi Mountain is located at the western margin of HuaXia fold belt of South China paraplatform, in the region there are fold fractures development everywhere. The regional structural trend mainly is north-east, and east-west, north-west, south-north secondly, they are arranged in a crisscross pattern, new and old structure overlap interference phenomenon is more obvious. The formation and development of the regional structural trend has been controlled by the regional Ma Dong-six Chen N-E trending fault and Yao Cun-Ma Dong S-N fault. In the process of multiple structure activity, the regional structural trend has formed main faults and joints which contain N-E direction, N-W direction and S-N direction and so on. The Paleogene thick conglomerate and sandy conglomerate are cut into various shapes of block by these faults and joints. In the red bed basin, the regional Danxia mountain boundary trend and mountain block arrange direction is controlled by S-N and N-E direction main fracture. However, the orientation of Danxia peristele, line Valley and canyon is controlled by secondary faults and joints contain E-W, S-N, N-NE, to NEE and N-NW direction.Baishi mountain Danxia landscape has experienced3stages of diagenesis, basin uplift and Danxia landforms shaping. According to the characteristics of Baishi mountain Danxia landform, the regional Danxia landform mainly represents peak cluster, pillars, and single peak, and the local area developed mesas and half mesas, but surrounding Baishi mountain where developed discontinuous Danxia monadnock. From above, the Baishi mountain park has remained at early to middle stage of evolution circle of Danxia landforms, but the Cretaceous basin surrounding the park stay at the evolution of extinction period.(3) Propose the typicality and rare of Danxia landform for Baishi mountain.In summarizing basic landscape features of Danxia landform Baishi mountain evaluation of its scientific value, aesthetic value and development value by two aspects of qualitative and quantitative, and compared with The relevant typical Danxia landform landscape of domestic and foreign in a full range, so that point out the typical and rare of Baishi moutain Danxia landform.Compared with the other world Geopark of Danxia landform, the Danxia landform of Guiping national Geopark Baishi mountain is favorite, very typical, rare, mainly reflected in the following aspects:(1) Typical of low altitude peak of southeast humid zone.(2) Deposited in New Era.(3) Danxia landform types, monomer size, color and unique.(4) The religious and cultural flavor is dense.(4) Discusses the protection and sustainable utilization of Baishi mountain Danxia landform based on g Geopark planning.Based on the Geopark plan, make a thorough study of the protection and sustainable utilization of Baishi moutain Danxia landform. Although Baishi moutain Danxia landform has been included in the qualifications of the construction of national Geopark, to effective protection and sustainable use are the premise and core functions in the Geopark construction, therefore, the paper carries out detailed research on the contents, in order to provide scientific theoretical basis for the sustainable development of Guiping national Geopark.At present, in view of the increasingly popular Geopark plan, the best way for the conservation and sustainable use of resources to Danxia landform as the core is to build Geopark, Through the construction of Geopark, not only can achieve effective protection of Danxia landform, but also realize the tourism development of Danxia landform, in order to achieve the objective of sustainable use.The resources of Danxia landform landscape is the core of Danxia landform Geopark construct. At the same time pay attention to the development of other related geological heritage resources and cultural landscape resources, can further improve the comprehensive quality of Geopark resources.更多还原