【作者】 张俭；

【导师】 梁中堂；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 人口学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 四川彭山2007年被中国老年学学会评选为“中国长寿之乡”,成为首次正式以中国命名的国家级长寿地区。彭山长寿源远流长。被称为“中华第一寿”享年高达八百岁的彭祖就长年生活在这片土地上,并通过亲身的研究和实践创立了系统的长寿养生文化,奠定了彭山成为我国最主要的长寿文化发祥地的坚实基础；同时,这里还是有“中华第一孝”美名的西晋文学家李密的故里,他撰写的《陈情表》情真意诚,力透纸背的孝亲敬老情愫千多年来熏陶培养了彭山入浓厚的孝亲睦邻传统,为彭山形成区域长寿现象起到了十分重要和深刻的社会作用。彭山长寿十分有特色。与同样被评为中国长寿之乡的湖南麻阳、福建永福以及湖北钟祥、广西巴马、江苏如皋等等相比较,彭山在自然环境条件上没有明显的优势,更没有前者得天独厚不可复制的优异天然环境资源,因此不少人甚至研究者都认为,彭山之所以长寿主要得益于彭祖建立的以性生活为特征的长寿养生文化。彭山地域长寿现象随着我国老龄化程度的不断加深,越来越吸引社会普遍的关注,而且众多试图为老龄化问题寻求解决答案的学者专家们也把彭山视为最佳研究样本和对象。不过,迄今围绕彭山长寿问题所做过的研究大多偏重于对自然环境以及医学因素的分析,从人口学和社会学角度所做的研究分析相对不足。世界卫生组织认为,在影响制约人的健康和长寿的诸多因素中,生活方式是最主要的因素,其影响作用所占的比重高达60%。生活方式是社会学的重要理论范畴,其内容相当广泛,包括人们的衣、食、住、行、劳动工作、休息娱乐、社会交往、待人接物等物质生活和精神生活的价值观、道德观、审美观、以及与这些内容相关的方面。换句话说,在一定的历史时期与社会条件下,生活方式就等于各个民族、阶级和社会群体的生活模式。本论文根据研究需要,将生活方式设定为：人们为有效生存而开展的生活的方式,主要包括家庭生活、劳动消费、闲暇娱乐、社会交往四个方面。并且以此为依据设计调查问卷,对彭山老年人的生活方式进行调查分析,旨在了解彭山老年人的生活方式现实状况,分析彭山人口健康长寿的原因和方法,提炼能够推而广之的健康长寿法则,为社会提供可以实践的健康长寿生活之路。本论文通过对彭山60岁以上老年人的生活方式进行的调查研究,发现彭山老年人饮食节制,生活规律,而且清淡寡欲,知足常乐。他们大多坚持做家务、锻炼身体,活到老,动到老,和邻里亲近,喜欢和老朋友来往,闲暇生活丰富睡眠充足,生活方式科学合理,习惯良好。而且,彭山老年人性生活十分和谐,36.69%的老年人认为性生活对自己来说重要,并且目前还有性生活的老年人比例也占到了29.3%。特别是半数的老人认为自己和配偶关系亲密,近半数的老人觉得自己和配偶的关系较好,鉴于性问题的隐晦性,这其实就是老人们认可自己性生活圆满的一种表述。另一方面,通过在彭山的调查,还发现彭山县基本实现了国家基本公共卫生服务9项免费服务项目对全县城乡居民的全覆盖,建立并完善了新型农村合作医疗制度,医疗设施状况多项主要基础指标都超过全国平均水平。全县基本养老保险金实现了100%社会化发放,对失地农民、城镇失业职工全部纳入养老保障体系办理,按月发放养老保障金。政府对符合城乡低保条件的60岁以上老人全部给予了最低生活保障,年满60岁的人员还享受每人每年720元的扶助金。这一相对充分的医疗福利系统,在很大程度上保证了老年人们对于医疗福利资源的需求。特别值得一提的是,在对百岁老人的访谈中,几乎每一户老人都谈到了子女晚辈的孝顺,不少老年人表示没有子女对自己的照护就没有自己的健康长寿。孝文化是中国传统文化最底色最精粹的价值观念,其倡导的和谐亲睦、爱老敬老对于彭山健康长寿发挥了非常积极和重要的的影响作用。基于对彭山老年生活方式的调查研究,本论文认为彭山形成“高龄者众百岁者多”区域长寿现象,就是人们良好科学的生活方式和相对充分的医疗福利系统以及以孝文化为代表的传统文化三大机制有效合力作用的结果。这种有别于自然环境、遗传因素之类“先天硬件”的影响机制是可以移植和复制的健康“软件”,对于社会和普通大众的健康实践活动具有更现实和有效的借鉴价值和指导作用。21世纪是提高和发展人类寿命质量和内容的时代,而且我国正在进入老龄高速化发展阶段,老年人口每年以数百万规模增加,如何“给岁月以生命”,让老年人健康长寿,对于减缓社会保障系统和421结构家庭负担压力,实现社会成功老龄化,具有十分积极和重要的现实意义和理论价值。优异的自然环境优质的的遗传基无疑都有利于健康长寿,但比较起来,影响和制约健康长寿的更关键因素在于个体为主的生活方式因素和社会为主的医疗福利因素,包括传统文化因素,因此,源于彭山老年生活方式归纳提炼的健康长寿法则：生活方式+医疗福利+传统文化=健康长寿之路的法则能够进一步促进健康长寿有效发展,并且推动“不分年龄人人分享”的和谐社会的建设和发展。根据本论文的结构,全文共分7章,主要内容如下：第1章绪论。本章根据国内外人口老龄化发展的背景,结合彭山健康长寿现象的相关状况,提出本论文的主要目的和重要意义,以及本论文的基本研究框架和研究方法。第2章关于生活方式研究的综述。本章主要对国内外关于生活方式研究的相关情况进行综述,并对老年生活方式的概念和特点进行了较详细的说明。同时在此基础上,对本论文的基本理论依据和有关基本概念进行厘清和界定。第3章彭山老年生活方式的调查。本章概要说明了彭山老年生活方式调查的指标体系架构、以及采用的调查方法。同时说明了调查问卷内容的设计,包括调查实施的情况,较为全面地介绍了整个调查的进展过程。第4章彭山老年生活方式的基本描述。本章根据实地调查获得的第一手资料,主要围绕身体健康、心理健康和社会关系三个维度利用统计学方法对彭山老年生活方式进行描述,直观真实地还原彭山老年人的现实基本生活状况,包括他们性生活的状况。此外还录入了通过访谈法获得的部分百岁老人的生活状况和习惯,形象地勾勒了彭山老年人生活的内容和方法。第5章彭山老年健康生活法则的分析。本章着重梳理彭山老年生活方式中方法性和规律性的内容,并从社会环境因素和传统文化的影响作用两个视角剖析制约彭山长寿现象的关键因素,分析彭山长寿的规律,并通过区域横向比较香港长寿现象,阐述良好科学的生活方式、相对完备的医疗福利设施条件和主要以孝文化为代表的传统文化,是形成彭山区域长寿现象最关键的三个关键性要素,可以称其为彭山健康长寿法则。第6章彭山健康长寿法则的启示。本章依据彭山健康长寿法则昭示的方法和途径,阐述彭山健康长寿法则对于个体行为和团体主要指政府作为的启迪作用,并依据该法则具体诠释了化解健康长寿良性发展的主要矛盾,构建和谐健康的老龄化社会,缓解老龄化冲击的具体实施的方法。第七章研究的结论与展望。本章主要是本论文基本观点的总结,特别肯定了弘扬传统文化和推进老年能产业对于实现健康长寿的积极有效作用；并相信通过进一步的研究,加强横向对比,有针对性地细化彭山健康长寿法则,一定能极大地推动全社会成功实现积极老龄化,有效促进社会老龄化问题的全面妥善解决。更多还原

【Abstract】 In2007, Peng Shan was recognized by the Gerontological Society of China (GSC) Association as "The Home of Longevity in China"; it has become one of the first "the Home of Longevity" officially named in China at a national level.Peng Shan has a long history of longevity. The Peng ancestors had been living in this land over eight hundred years, and created a system of healthy life and longevity culture through personal research and practice which laid a solid foundation for Peng Shan being the significant birthplace of the longevity culture in China. In addition, Peng Shan is also the "No.1place of filial piety and longevity"-the Western Jin Dynasty Scholar Li Mi’s hometown. His writing fully and sincerely expressed the true feeling of filial piety to respect the elderly. It had a profound impact on the people in Peng Shan of being good-neighborliness and filial piety as well as played a very important and profound social role in forming Peng Shan a regional phenomenon of longevity.The Peng Shan longevity is very unique. In comparison with Ma Yang County, Yong Fu County and the latest Chinese longevity Zhong Xiang County of Hubei Province, Ba Ma of Guangxi Province, Peng Shan doesn’t have the unique natural environmental resources which the others have. Therefore many people and even the researchers think that the good health culture with uniqueness of sex life are factors contributing to the longevity in Peng Shan.The escalation of aging population along with the Peng Shan geographic phenomenon of longevity increasingly draw attention from the society in general, and many scholars and researchers have used Peng Shan as a role model to find the resolution to resolve the aging issues. However, many research and analysis on Peng Shan longevity only emphasized on the natural environment and medical factors, and lack of research and analysis made from the demographic and sociological perspective. The World Health Organization believes that lifestyle is the most important factor in affecting and restricting people’s health and longevity, and it takes up to60%of the total effect. Lifestyle is an important sociological theory category, and its content is fairly broad that including people’s daily necessities, food, housing, transportation, job, entertainment, social network and contact etc. as well as the related values, ethnics and aesthetic standards of the material and spiritual life. In other words, under a certain period of historical and social conditions, lifestyle is also the living mode of various ethnic minority groups, social classes and community groups. This paper is based on research needs and set up the lifestyle as:people unfold the lifestyle to live and survive effectively in the areas of family life, work and consumption, leisure and entertainment, and social network. The questionnaire is designed based on the aforesaid four areas to analyse the Peng Shan elderly lifestyle. The purpose of survey is to understand the reality of Peng Shan elderly lifestyle, analyse the causes and methods of their healthy long life, refine and promote the law of longevity so as to provide the society with a practical healthy longevity pathways.Through the survey conducted on the elderly over60years old in Peng Shan, we discovered that Peng Shan elderly have the disciplinary dietary, regular living habits and customs, and are content of their present life. They insist on doing house chores, taking exercise, working as long as still alive, visiting neighbours, mingling with friends, having a pleasant life and getting plenty of sleep. Their lifestyle is scientific and reasonable as well as keeping good living habits. Peng Shan elderly have a harmonious sex life, and36.69%of elderly believes that sex life is very important to their daily life;29.3%of Peng Shan elderly still have sex life. Nearly half of the elderly people said that they are still very close and have a good relationship with their spouse. Due to the obscurity of the sex topic, in fact the Peng Shan elderly already provided us with an expression of their sex life satisfactory. On the other hand, through the survey we found that Peng Shan County had realized the State’s basic health services by offering nine free programs to the urban and rural residents of the County as well as establishing and perfecting a new model of rural cooperative medical system. The medical facilities exceeded the basic requirements of the national average. The County’s basic old age security pension is100%distributed to the qualified elderly, and a monthly payment of the old age security pension is also applicable to the landless peasants and urban unemployed workers. The local government pays￥720Yuan a year of low income supplement to all elderly60years old who meet the minimum living standard security system. This relevant health and social welfare system to a certain extent ensured the needs of the elderly are resources for medical benefits.During the interview with the centenarians, almost every family was talking about the importance of filial piety. Many elderly said that they wouldn’t have lived long and healthily without being taken good care by their children. The value and culture of filial piety is the most essence of traditional Chinese culture and it advocates harmonious relationship and respects elderly. It plays an important and active role as well as profound impact on the longevity in Peng Shan.Based on the research of the Peng Shan elderly lifestyle, this paper believes that the formation of Peng Shan to have many centenarians and over hundred years old elderly living there attributes the regional longevity phenomenon to good scientific lifestyle, well developed health and social welfare system as well as traditional filial piety culture. The natural environment and genetic factors are the "innate hardware" which can be transferred and duplicated to "healthy software". It provides realistic and practical guidance for the society and public to live healthily.The21st Century is an epochs of enhancing and developing quality and substance of human life, and our country is entering a high-speed development of aging population in the scale of millions increase every year. How "time of life" to let the elderly live longer and healthier have positive and significant practical and theoretic value to relief the burden of social security system, to reduce the pressure of421family structure as well as to realize the active aging. Excellent natural environment is conducive to live longer, however, the individual lifestyle, social health and welfare system and traditional culture factors are crucial to influence and restrict the health and longevity of people. Therefore, the law of longevity originated from the Peng Shan elderly lifestyle is:lifestyle+health and social welfare+traditional cultures=the law of longevity pathways can further the effective development of health and longevity and promote a "fair share" of harmonious society construction and development.Around the main stream of research, the paper layout on seven chapters as follows:Chapter One-Introduction. The background information is based on the domestic and foreign research and the population development, the phenomenon of longevity and health in Peng Shan. The paper puts forward the main purpose and importance of this research. At the same time it puts forward the basic theory, research framework and research methodologies of this paper.Chapter Two-Summary of lifestyle research. This chapter focuses on summarizing the domestic and foreign lifestyle research as well as providing details on the concepts and characteristics of the elderly lifestyle. On this basis, the basic theories and concepts of this paper are clarified and defined.Chapter Three-Peng Shan elderly lifestyle survey. This chapter provides an overview of the structure of the Peng Shan elderly lifestyle survey indicators and the use of survey methodologies. At the same time it puts a lot of emphasis on the design of the questionnaire content, as well as the details on conducting the survey and a comprehensive illustration of the progress of the survey process.Chapter Four-The basic description of Peng Shan elderly lifestyle survey. According to the first-hand information obtained from the on-site survey, and mainly using the statistical methods of Peng Shan elderly lifestyle for inductive analysis in the areas of basic living about marriage and childbirth, education and income, diet and sleep, social psychosocial aspects etc., direct and truly described Peng Shan elderly living status including their sex life. As well, interprets vividly the reality and healthy life of the Peng Shan elderly through the face to face interviews with centenarians.Chapter Five-The law of Peng Shan elderly lifestyle analysis. This chapter is constructing on the basic analysis of Peng Shan elderly lifestyle, focusing on straighten out the methodologies and regularities of how the Peng Shan elderly live, and analyzing the effectiveness and influences of Peng Shan longevity from two perspectives-social environment factors and traditional cultures. When analyzed Peng Shan longevity, it also crossed reference Hong Kong longevity phenomenon to derive a Peng Shan longevity model that is depending on the three key elements:moderate scientific lifestyle, a relatively complete medical and social welfare, and the traditional culture of filial piety.Chapter Six-The inspiration of the law of Peng Shan longevity. This chapter inspires the ways and means of the law of Peng Shan longevity, and the elaboration of the law of Peng Shan longevity gives individuals and groups (refers to the role of government) for references. It also resolved the major issues arise from the healthy development of longevity accordance with an annotation of the law, so as to build a harmonious successful aging society as well as to provide specific implementation methods to alleviate the impact on aging population.Chapter Seven-The conclusion and outlook. This chapter mainly summarizes the basic viewpoints of the paper, especially affirmed the propagation of traditional culture and promotion of Dynamic Senior Industry which play an important and effective role in realizing longevity. It also believes that through further research, enhancing cross references, as well as targeting and refining the law of Peng Shan longevity, will be able to greatly promote the entire society active aging, and effectively advance the comprehensive and proper settlement of the problems of aging society.更多还原