【作者】 郑伦举；

【导师】 何生；

【作者基本信息】 中国地质大学 ， 能源地质工程， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 含油气盆地烃源岩中油气生成演化过程是一个复杂的地质与地球化学作用过程,受到各种地质环境与物理化学边界条件的制约,不仅与影响油气形成的内因—干酪根类型、有机碳含量有关,还与温度、压力、岩石矿物及流体介质、孔隙空间等外因有关。为了更为合理地描述油气生成过程,定量评价其生成潜力,以满足日益精细地油气勘探需要,本论文通过选取我国东部典型断陷盆地与南方海相下古生界不同有机质丰度、类型(Ⅰ和Ⅱ型)和岩性(泥页岩、泥灰岩)烃源岩和地层水样品,根据取样区埋藏史、热演化史和关键生烃期的古温压值等实际地质条件,利用自行研制的地层孔隙热解模拟实验仪,开展了大量PVT-t-L(压力P、孔隙空间V、温度T、时间t、孔隙流体L)共同作用下烃源岩热解模拟实验,结合含油气盆地演化过程中烃源岩孔隙流体、岩石矿物、沉积有机质的物理化学特性,对比分析了地层水相态与压力、岩石矿物性质以及孔隙空间大小等对有机质热降解过程与烃类热裂解速度的影响,探讨了高温高压液态地层水-岩石矿物-有机质相互作用下油气形成的反应机理,并在此基础上建立了油气形成的动态定量演化模式与烃源岩生油气潜力评价方法。论文主要研究内容和取得的主要成果认识如下。(1)自行设计研制了具有多项国家专利授权的地层孔隙热压生排烃模拟实验仪,建立了相应的PVT共控热解模拟实验方法,探讨了温度、时间、流体压力、地层水及生烃空间大小等边界条件对实验室内热解生成油气过程的影响。结果表明温度是影响油气生成的主控因素,但其它实验条件的影响也不可忽略,需要综合考虑各种影响因素,才可能在实验室内更为合理地模拟地下油气形成过程。(2)在总结现有油气生成热解模拟实验仪器、设备及所选条件的基础上,开展了不同岩性、干酪根类型与起始成熟度烃源岩的PVT共控体系与高压釜封闭体系的加水热解实验,对比分析了两种热解体系的H2、CO2、烃气、热解油及总油气产率与镜质体反射率之间的关系,结果表明烃源岩热解模拟实验方式对烃源岩热解产物产率与组成以及演化过程影响都比较大。(3)结合水的相图与高温高压下水的近临界物理化学特性,利用自制的高温高压油气溶解与释放模拟实验仪,测定了油气水三相共存时高温高压下地层水在正常原油中、原油在地层水中以及氦气、CO2/甲烷混合气在油水中的溶解度。结合烃源岩埋藏过程中孔隙度-成熟度关系,探讨了烃源岩孔隙中地层水的赋存状态及其对油气形成的影响。基于烃源岩中地层水的相态,开展了高压液态水与低压平衡态水两种相态水的烃源岩热解模拟实验,分析了水的相态及流体压力对气体组成与产率、油、总油气产率、成熟度及剩余生油气潜力的影响。(4)对比研究了海相与陆相烃源岩矿物组成特征及其对有机质赋存形式的影响,开展了不同岩石矿物组成烃源岩PVT共控条件热解模拟实验以及含有不同矿物的可溶有机质热裂解模拟实验,通过对比分析热解实验产物特征,探讨了岩石矿物组成对油气形成的影响。(5)针对利用Rock-Eval热解参数评价烃源岩生烃潜力存在的不足,建立了PVT共控连续递进热解实验方法。在此实验基础上,精细刻画了Ⅱ型干酪根生油气过程,提出了一套评价干酪根热解生油气潜力参数,并结合可溶有机质(不同性质原油)热裂解转化成烃气的产率特征,提出了一种新的烃源岩生油气潜力评价方法。在综合前人有关油气形成机理的认识基础上,探讨了高温高压液态地层水-岩石矿物-流体压力相互作用下油气形成的反应过程,综合大量PVT共控热解模拟实验结果,建立了Ⅱ干酪根烃源岩生成油气的动态定量演化模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Petroleum generation and evolution process in the source rocks of the petroliferous basins is the complicated interaction of geology and geochemistry, which is controlled by geology and boundary conditions of the physical chemistry. It has not only relationship with the inner influence factors of the petroleum formation such as the kerogen type, total organic carbon, but also with the exterior influence factors such as the temperature, pressure, rock mineral, fluid medium, pore space et al. To describe the petroleum generation process, quantitatively estimate the petroleum generation potential and satisfy the requirement of the detail oil and gas exploration, large numbers of pyrolysis simulation experiments for the source rocks controlled by the PVT-t-L (P:pressure; V:pore space; T:temperature; t:time; L:fluid)conditions are carried out according to the actual geology conditions in the sample areas such as burial history, thermal history, paleo-temerature and pressure in the key timing of the hydrocarbon and so on to analyze the effect of formation water phases and pressure, rock mineral property, pore space in the source rocks on the hydrocarbon process of organic matter and thermal cracking rate of hydrocarbon by the combination of the fluid in the pore space, rock mineral, physical chemistry characters of organic matter in the source rocks, discuss the reaction mechanisms of the petroleum formation with the interaction of the high temperature and pressure liquid formation water, rock mineral and organic matter, and establish the dynamic quantitative evolution mode of the petroleum formation and oil and gas generation potential estimation methods of the source rocks. The selected source rocks with various organic abundant, kerogen types (type Ⅰ and Ⅱ), lithology(mudstones and marlite) and formation water samples are from the typical faulted basins in the eastern China and the lower paleozoic marine strata in the southern China. The following conclusions can be drawn:(1) We designed and manufactured the formation pressure pore space hydrocarbon generation and expulsion simulation experiments machine which has several nationality patents authorization, establish the pyrolysis simulation experiments methods controlled by PVT, discuss the effect of the boundary conditions such as the temperature, time, fluid pressure, formation water, pore space and so on. The research results indicate that the temperature is the main control factors on the hydrocarbon generation and the other experiment conditions can not ignore, which imply that more reasonable simulation the petroleum formation process in the laboratory need to take into account multiply influence factors.(2) Hydrous pyrolysis simulation of hydrocarbon generation controlled by PVT system for the different lithology, kerogen types and initial maturity of the source rocks are carried out based on the summarization of the hydrocarbon generation pyrolysis simulation experiments machines and experiment conditions to analyze the relationship between the vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and the generation rate of H2, CO2, hydrocarbon gas, pyrolysis oil and total oil and gas in two pyrolysis systems. The research results indicate that the modes of source rocks pyrolysis simulation experiments have important influence on the rate of the source rocks pyrolysis products, composes and evolution process.(3) The solubility of the formation water with oil, oil with formation water, and the mix of N2, CO2and CH4with oil and water on the coexistence of the oil, gas and water with high temperature and pressure are measured using the self-designed and manufactured high temperature and pressure petroleum solution and release simulation experiment machine by the combination of the the water phase figure and near critical physical chemistry characters with high temperature and pressure. The effect of formation water state in the pore space of the source rocks on the petroleum formation are discussed by the combination of the relationship between the porosity and maturity during the source rocks burial. Source rock pyrolysis simulation experiments with High pressure liquid water and low pressure balance state water are carried out based on the formation water phase in the source rocks to analyze the effect of the formation water phase and fluid pressure on the composes and generation rate of the nature gas, oil and total hydrocarbon generation rate, maturity and residual potential of petroleum generation.(4) The marine and continent source rocks mineral characters and the effect on the organic matter occurrence conditions are studied. The pyrolysis simulation experiments for the source rock with different mineral controlled by PVT and dissoluble organic matter with different mineral are carried out to analyze the products characters of the pyrolysis simulation experiments and discuss the effect of rock mineral on the petroleum formation.(5) The continuous increase pyrolysis experiments methods controlled by PVT are established on the base of the deficiency of the estimation the source rock hydrocarbon generation potential by Rock-Eval. On the base of the pyrolysis experiments, the hydrocarbon generation process of the type Ⅱ kerogen are described detailedly and the parameters of the estimation source rock hydrocarbon generation potential are suggested in this study. The new estimation methods of the source rock hydrocarbon generation potential are also suggested by the combination of the generation rate characters of the dissoluble organic matter (oil with different characters) thermal cracking into the gas. The reaction mechanisms of the petroleum formation with the interaction of the high temperature and pressure liquid formation water, rock mineral and organic matter are discussed on the base of the integration previous study on the mechanisms of the petroleum formation. The dynamic quantitative evolution mode of the petroleum generation for the type II kerogen source rocks are established by the integration large numbers of the pyrolysis simulation experiments results controlled by PVT.更多还原