【作者】 徐晶；

【导师】 张佩国；

【作者基本信息】 上海大学 ， 人类学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 中国农村正在经历着急剧的人口、经济和社会转型。随着城镇化进程的加速，自给自足的小农经济逐渐由社会大分工所包围，而大量剩余劳动力外流更是加剧了农村人口的空心化和老龄化。传统乡村的道德伦理、互惠关系和家庭结构等都发生了重大变化，并且产生了多方面和深远的影响，个体、家庭、社会、国家都与之密切相关，其中的农村老年人亦成为引人关注的话题。本文以沪郊一个村落作为田野地点，在城镇化、老龄化和空心化的现实背景下，该村落也遭遇了新农村建设、政府征地、拆迁改造等一系列外部和内部的变迁，成为反映农村老年人在现代社会转型过程中生存状况的一个典型案例。本文将以个人、家庭、村落、国家等要素为纬线，以生命周期中的分家、仪式、医疗、护理、社保、福利等人生史环节为经线，将衰老体验和养老经验结合起来加以讨论。文章的主要逻辑是，通过描述农村老年人不断“被个体化”的衰老体验过程，以此反映出他们养老生活中的风险问题在现代社会是如何被重新再分配和再构建的。首先，在“衰老”的界定问题上，文章认为农村老年人面临着被制度和技术“个体化”和“标准化”的过程。“衰老”在传统乡土文化中是一个整体性的体验，没有统一的衡量标准，从中年进入老年的时期往往可以得到平稳的过渡。农村生活的一系列实践如代际关系、家庭结构、亲属关系、个体活动都能够成为重要指标来判断衰老的进程。而现代社会以“年龄”为基础的工资制度、退休制度和社保体系的建立，用生理年龄为指标划分了个人的生命过程，开始渗透到农村文化和生活的各个方面，也使农村的“衰老”界定有了新的个体化和标准化路径，取代了传统社会中以家庭关系、世代联系、身份地位、健康标准等对“老”的主观描述。文章认为，在技术和制度的渗透下，农村老年人的自我定义和衰老体验就不断地“被个体化”了。第二，从老年风险的分配角度来看，由于传统的家庭结构和村落共同体的现代变迁，农村的家庭养老功能和村落互惠体系必然受到不同程度的影响和弱化。中国乡村大规模城镇化无疑造成了大家庭结构和村落共同体的式微，使得农村老年人的代际认同、村邻关系、亲友纽带等交往模式都发生重组。现代化进程在很大程度上消解了原来由家族共同体和村落共同体所承担的以家庭团结和村邻往来作为主导的互惠网络，原来由地方士绅和乡村精英所主导的父权制度、长老权威和慈善救济也难以回复到传统的有效程度。虽然曾经在集体化时期，公社和村队在一定程度上对老年人的养老风险承担了重要作用，但是随着公社的解体和城市化进程的加速，“被个体化”的农村老年人也遭遇了极大的养老风险。可以看到今日宏大的、面向个人的国家社保体系和政府养老服务，正与民间层面的家庭养老和社区往来相互交织、相互渗透，呈现出“二元化”的福利模式，一起为农村“被个体化”的老年人提供了不同层次的风险保护网络。透过分析近百年来国家和政府对农村老年人在社会救助、社会福利和社会保障事业的态度和政策的转变，可以进一步考察和解释整个中国社会的变迁过程和秩序逻辑。在近百年来的农村社会变迁中，老年人的管理恰恰是经历了由帝国晚期的家族-绅权治理下的“共济福利”模式，演变到上世纪中叶总体性支配下的“短缺福利”模式，直至今日形成了行政再分配和商品市场化相互交织的“福利二元化”趋向。在当前社会转型的时代背景下，农村的“个体化”倾向日益严重，家庭和共同体对老年保障的功能退化已经不可避免，老年人在新的“个体化”衰老体验中，对于自己的生活方式和财产分配有了更多的独立空间，但与此同时他们也将面临很多不确定的养老风险。在此情境下，更多元化、面向个人的社会养老机制、养老保障措施、公共服务体系和市场服务分工的发展，也就成为当今农村老年人在养老风险分配格局中的必然要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rapid population, economic and social transformations are now happening inChinese rural societies. With the accelerated urbanization process, the traditionalpeasant economy is gradually taken over by great social division of labor, and theoutflow of young labor has exacerbated the hollow and aging of rural population.The traditional rural ethics, mutual relationship and family structure have changed alot, which has put multiple effects on individual, family, society and even the wholecountry. The elderly in rural areas has become a topic problem of concern. Thispaper took a rural village in Shanghai as a field site. In the background ofurbanization, aging and hollow, this village has encountered the policy of new ruralconstruction, land acquisition of government, demolition and resettlement and aseries of internal and external changes, which make it become a typical case instudying the rural aging life transformation in the process of modernization. Thepaper will take personal, family, village, and the national factors as weft, and somestages of life cycle such as family separation, ceremony, medical treatment, nursing,social insurance, welfare as the warp, and then weave them together to discuss theaging experience and elderly life. The main logic of the article is, through describingthe "individualized" process of rural elderly life, to reflect how the aging risk in ruralsociety is redistributed and constructed in modern society.First topic of the paper is to discuss the definition of "aging". The rural elderlypersons are now facing a technical and institutional process of "individualization"and "standardization"."Old people" in the traditional folk culture is a holisticexperience, which has no unique standard, the coming of aging used to be a smoothtransition. A series of practices in rural life such as intergenerational relations, familystructure, and family relationship can become an important index to judge the agingprocess. But in modern society, the aging condition is more or less judged by thesalary, retirement and social security system based on biological process. All thisfactors have infiltrated into rural culture, making some rural life concepts more individualized and standardized, and has replaced the traditional description of"old". According to this article, under the penetration of technology and institutionsystems, the rural definition and experience on aging is constantly "individualized".Secondly, the distribution of rural aging risk is also a problem. Due to themodernization of traditional family structure and village community, the protectionfunction of rural family and the reciprocal system of village have been inevitablyweakened. Urbanization has caused the decline of family structure and villagecommunity, which is restructuring the identity of rural elderly person and theirfamily unity and village reciprocal system. The traditional patriarchal systemdominated by local gentry and rural elite used to set up the authority of elders, andalso provided charity relief for the homeless, which now is too difficult to return intoeffect. Although during the period of collectivization, community and villageworking team can assume an important role in the old people’s protection, but as thecommune disintegrated and the urbanization process accelerated, the"individualized" rural elderly has suffered a great risk in their old-age. Nowadays,national social security system and government pension services are intertwined witha folk level of family support and community relationship, which leads to a binarymodel of welfare, providing different levels of risk protection for theindividualized elderly in rural society.And lastly, through analyzing the state and government attitude and policychanges on rural elders’ security, welfare and caring affairs, we can further examineand explain the whole process and logic of the Chinese society. In the process ofrural social change over the past century, the rural elder have experienced throughthree periods: the first period is during the patriarchal system in late imperial country,in which the elder of family and rural gentlemen has great management power;second period is in the middle of last century, in which the society was under thetotalitarianism mode of collective welfare; the third period is in the modern society,in which administrative redistribution and commodity market are intertwined into a atomized rural society. With the rural tendency of "individualization" today, thefunction of the family and community for elderly security is inevitably degrading,the "individualized" elderly are more independent in life style and their propertydistribution, but at the same time, they are also facing more uncertainty and risk. Inthis context, more diversified and individual oriented social policy and public serviceshould inevitably come into being.更多还原