【作者】 陈学芬；

【导师】 李伟昉；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 广义的美华文学不仅包括美国华文文学，还包括美国华裔用英文创作的文学。这样，就形成了三大作家群：台湾旅美作家群、大陆新移民作家群和美国华裔作家群。把这三大作家群一起纳入研究范围，研究其移民小说中的中国形象和美国形象，主要是基于以下两方面的考虑：一是三大作家群展开比较的学理依据。作家作品的同源性、类同性及异质性与变异性决定了他们的可比性。二是目前的研究现状及存在的问题。由于学科细分，美国华文文学与美国华裔英语文学分属不同的学科，两者很少放在一起对比研究。目前的形象学研究大多侧重于中国形象，只有少量的美国形象，缺少中美形象的比较、汇总。移民小说中美形象的研究有助于弥补学界在这方面的不足，中国形象的研究有助于参与到学界当前的前沿性话题中去。从文学文化层面探索移民问题和中美政治关系，对中美文学文化的交流有一定的现实意义。在研究方法上，以比较文学形象学和主题学为主，辅以拉康镜像理论、后殖民主义文化理论、弗洛伊德精神分析和女权主义等。在比较文学的视域下，通过对异质文明、文化语境下产生的移民小说的研究，分析形形色色的中美形象的特征和建构过程，并分析中美形象的成因，试图发现具有双重文化背景的美华作家言说中国和美国的特点。创新之处体现在以下两个方面：（一）采用广义上的美华文学的定义，把三大作家群一起纳入研究范围，对移民小说中的中美形象同时展开论述，梳理了中国形象和美国形象的流变并做了原因探析。（二）文学/文化研究。通过对三大作家群移民小说中的中美形象的比较，深入剖析其中的深层文化内涵。下面简要介绍三大作家群移民小说中的中美形象。首先，台湾旅美作家的浮萍悲歌。二十世纪五六十年代崛起的台湾旅美作家主要有白先勇、聂华苓、於梨华、陈若曦、施叔青、丛苏等，他们的移民小说有个共同点：表现了流浪的中国人的悲凉心态。小说中的人物从台湾自我放逐到美国，就像浮萍一样在美国的汪洋大海里随风摆荡，无法落地生根，于是出现了“无根的一代”，浪子，边缘人，摆荡的人，带枷的自由人等中国移民形象。他们有着身份的焦虑，在美国被边缘化，常常寻根。美国人很少出现在小说中，小说中的美国人常常是负面形象。异族婚恋常常以失败告终，象征了中美融合的失利。总体来说，中国是贫穷落后的农业国，美国是现代化的工业强国；中国是精神家园，而美国是生存之地；遥远的中国因中国游子的想象而变得富有诗意，而美国对移民来说则是文化沙漠。所以会有这样二元对立的中美形象，是因为文化认同危机。怀着美国梦却不能很快适应当地文化，顺利融入美国，由此产生失望、孤独、困惑、迷惘等消极心态，笔下的美国形象也呈现灰暗的色调。而文化认同危机与他们的身世有关。这些作家在早年从大陆放逐台湾，成人后又再次放逐到异域，这种经历让他们对故国充满哀思，对美国有寄居之感。浪子的形象是自身的写照。当时美国的移民政策、民族政策等影响了美国社会对移民的态度，也影响了移民对美国的看法及中美形象的形成。其次，大陆新移民作家的美国镜像。二十世纪八九十年代，大陆新移民作家查建英、严歌苓、周励、曹桂林等，写下一系列有关新移民美国经验叙述的小说。除了继承前一阶段关于移民漂泊异域的悲苦的描述，还开拓了新的表现领域，塑造了朝气蓬勃的新移民形象。如查建英的“假洋鬼子”们，严歌苓的自尊自强的中国女留学生，周励、曹桂林和薛海翔等的华商形象。新移民不再纠缠于故国哀思，无根寻根等，而是生存至上，落地生根，保持族群的独立，对民族融合表现淡漠。与前一阶段华文文学相比，这一时期反映异族交往的小说增多，美国人戏份增加，美国形象多呈中性或正面形象，反映了民族融合的进一步加强。这时的中国处于“文革”前后，而美国富强、民主、文明，为新移民的成功搭建了一个很好的平台。中美形象的转变一方面是因为时代大环境的改变，中美友好交往，美国的民族政策、移民政策日趋宽容，种族歧视程度减轻，美国对中国移民持友善态度，这影响了作家对中美形象的塑造；另一方面是大陆新移民作家没有台湾旅美作家的早年放逐经历，但经历了“文革”的摧残，在改革开放的鼓动下，到美国寻梦。虽然也免不了文化冲突，但没有台湾旅美作家所遭遇到的文化冲突剧烈。作为注视者的作家有的对美国持狂热态度，如周励；但更多的作家等则持亲善的态度，如查建英、严歌苓。第三，美国华裔作家的身份认同。黄玉雪、谭恩美、汤亭亭、任璧莲等的小说反映了生活在美国的华人第一代与后代之间的代际冲突问题，华裔的成长主题。代际冲突中的华人第一代大多勤劳善良，固守中国文化传统，有封建迷信思想和重男轻女观念等，而华裔美国人则处于中美文化的夹缝间，但以美国文化为主，他们与父辈的冲突大多是文化冲突。华裔美国人的成长过程就是美国化的过程，他们最终都变成了典型的美国佬。这里的中国要么处于近代社会，经济落后，战争频仍，民不聊生，虽然历史悠久，文化灿烂，但封建思想桎梏着人们，父权制思想压迫女性；要么是红色新中国，共产党迫害有产者，不讲人道，专制独裁。美国虽然有种族歧视，但没有饥饿，没有战争，国富民强。所以会有不同于华文作家笔下的中美形象，一方面与华裔美国作家的身份认同有关。他们虽然在种族上是中国人，但在文化身份上早已变成了美国人，有些作家有妖魔化中国的趋向。另一方面，由于很长一段时间内中美之间的信息不通，真实的中国不为美国所了解。华裔作家根据道听途说所描述的中国，必然与真实的中国有很大出入。总体而言，华裔美国作家书写想象中的中国，认同现实中的美国。以上三大作家群有一些共同的母题，也有各自偏爱的母题。母题的变奏表现了不同的时代主题，产生了相似而又不同的中美形象。中美形象有它的恒定性和变异性。恒定是因为他者形象是社会集体想象物。变异的原因是多方面的，是时代环境、作家的身份认同、写作语言、期待视野与审美情趣等合力作用的结果。大陆新移民文学继承、发展了台湾旅美文学。台湾旅美作家还在继续创作，显示了新的审美风格。这两大作家群逐渐合流，成为新世纪的美国华文文学作家群，与美国华裔英文作家群比肩而立。目前来看，他们的小说创作还有很大区别。但可以设想，在美国定居多年以后的移民作家即使仍然用中文创作，也会与华裔作家的英文小说接近。因为多年的美国文化熏陶会影响作者的创作思维，使中文创作带上美国文化的痕迹，成为中美文化合流的产物。总之，美国不是天堂，而中国也不是地狱。那些或天堂或地狱的异国形象都是作家艺术的想象，是中国移民或华裔美国人欲望与恐惧的梦乡。更多还原

【Abstract】 In a broad sense, American Chinese literature includes not only Chinese literature in America, but alsoEnglish literature written by Chinese American. So do three great writer groups form, which is Taiwanesewriters group in America, China mainland new immigrant writers group and Chinese American writersgroup. Researching China and America’s image in the immigrant novels of three writer groups mainlybased on the following two aspects. The first is the academic basis that three writer groups begin tocompare. The comparability depends on the homology, similarity, heterogeneity and variability of writersand works. The second is current research status and existing problems. Due to disciplines subdivision,American Chinese literature and American Chinese English literature belong to different subjects, whichrarely are put together for comparing research. Current imagologie studies mostly focus on the image ofChina, of course, also have a small amount of America’s image study, but lack comparison and summary ofChina’s image and America’s image. So the research about image of China and the United States in theimmigration novel helps fill in gaps. The study of China’s image helps participate in current frontier subjectin the academic circles. In the end, it has practical significance on the literary culture communicationexploring immigration problems and Sino-US political relations from literary and cultural aspect.In the research methods, imagologie of comparative literature and thematology are given priority to,supplemented by Lacan’s mirror theory，the theory of post-colonialism, Freudian psychoanalysis andtheory，feminism and so on. Under the perspective of comparative literature, through the research aboutheterogeneous civilization and cultural context of immigration novels, I analyze various image features,construction process and reasons for the formation of image of China and the United States. This papertries to find characteristics of Chinese American writer with dual cultural background talking China and theUnited States.Main innovations are embodied in the following two aspects:(1) Adopting Chinese Americanliterature in a broad sense, put three writer groups together into the research scope，research the image ofChina and the United States at the same time, comb the image flowing deformation of China and US andanalyze reason.(2) Literary aesthetic/cultural study. Through image comparison of China and the United States of the immigration novels written by three writer groups, dig the deep cultural connotation.The following is respectively overview about image of China and the United States in the three writergroups’ novels. First is Taiwanese writers’ duckweed elegy. In the fifties and sixties of the20th, the risingTaiwanese writers in America mainly are Bai Xianyong, Yu Lihua, Chen Ruoxi, Shi Shuqing, Cong Su andso on. Their immigration stories have a common characteristic, showing sad mind of the wanderingChinese. The characters in the novels exiled themselves from Taiwan to the United States, just likeduckweed swinging in the ocean of the United States, and can’t strike root. Therefore, they were named as“rootless generation”, including vagrant, marginal man, shaky ones, free Chinese immigrants with cangueand other Chinese immigrant image. They have identity anxiety and were marginalized in the United States,so they were often homesick for China. Americans rarely appears in the novel. If there are Americans in thenovels, most Americans are often negative images. Transracial marriages often end in failure, whichindicates defeat in the fusion between China and the United States. Overall, China is a poor and backwardagricultural country, while the United States is a powerful modern industrial country. China is a spiritualhome, but America is the survival land. Distant China becomes poetic because of Chinese wanderer’imagination, while the United States is a cultural desert for immigration.Because of cultural identity crisis, there would be such a binary image of China and the United States.Although they embraced the United States dreams, they couldn’t quickly adapt to the local culture andsuccessfully integrate themselves into the United States. So they feel disappointed, lonely, confused, etc.And the United States’ image presents gray tones in their description. Cultural identity crisis is associatedwith writer’s origin. These writers were exiled to Taiwan from Chinese mainland at an early age andbanished themselves again when they are adults. These experiences make them full of grief to the oldcountry, and feel strange for the United States. Vagrant image reflects self. America’s immigration policyand national policy influenced American society attitude to immigrants, also influenced the immigrants’opinion to the United States, and the image formation of China and the United States.Secondly is about the image in the new immigrant writers from the Chinese mainland. New immigrantwriters, such as Zha Jianying, Yan Geling, Zhou Li, Cao Guilin, wrote down series of immigrant novelsabout America’s experience from1980s to1990s. In addition to inheritting the former bitternessdescription adrift in the foreign country, new immigrant writers also open up a new field and shape new immigrants image. For example, Zha Jianying described the character of bogus foreign devil. Yan Gelingshaped the self-respect and self-strength Chinese female students image. Zhou Li, Cao Guilin and XueHaixiang wrote numerous Chinese businessman images. New immigrants are no longer obsessing over theold grief, homesick feelings, and so on. For them, survival firstly, then taking root, maintaining ethnicindependence, even indifference to ethnic integration. Comparing with the previous Chinese literature, thenovels reflecting the interracial relationship became increasing during this period, where Americansincrease and their images are often neutral or positive, which reflects further strengthening ethnicintegration. At that moment, China was in the “Cultural Revolution”. Prosperous, democratic and civilizedAmerica successfully set a good platform for the new immigrants.There are some reasons for the change of the image of China and the United States from Taiwaneseliterature. On the one hand, because of the change of era environment, such as the friendly exchangesbetween China and the United States, America’s national policy and more tolerant immigration policyalleviat racial discrimination degree, and most Americans are friendly to Chinese immigrants, all of theseaffected the writer to shape the image of China and the United States. On the other hand, new immigrantwriters from mainland had not the experience that Taiwan’s writers were exiled at their early years, but theyexperienced the “Cultural Revolution”, and looked for American dream at the instigation of the reform andopening up. They must meet cultural conflicts, but far less strenuous than Taiwan’s writer’s culturalconflict. As the watcher, some writers are fanatical for America, such as Zhou Li; More writers, such asZha Jianying, Yan Geling, have goodwill attitude to America.Thirdly is about identity of Chinese American writers who are Huang Yuxue, Amy Tan, Maxine HongKingston, Ren Bilian and so on. Their novels reflect the intergenerational conflict problem of Chineseliving in the United States between first generation and their descendants, and the growth theme of ChineseAmerican. Most of the first generation Chinese of intergenerational conflict was industrious and good,sticking to traditional Chinese culture, such as feudal superstition and concept of son preference. ChineseAmericans were in the cracks of Chinese and American cultures, but they would give priority to Americanculture. Their conflicts with their parents were mostly cultural conflict. The growth of Chinese Americansis the process of Americanization, eventually they become typical Americans. In their perspective, Chinahere either closed the modern society, whose economy is backward, wars frequently, life destitute. Although China has a long history and splendid culture, feudal ideas shackled people and patriarchyideology oppressed women. Or China was communism, where Communist party is non-humanitarian anddictatorship persecuted the rich. Although the United States has racial discrimination problems, she doesn’thave hunger and war, she is prosperous.The reasons that different image from Chinese writers have two aspects. On the one hand, it isassociated with the identity of Chinese American writer. Although they were Chinese in blood, they hadbecome American in cultural identity. Even Some writers have a tendency to demonize China. On the otherhand, due to the information disorders between China and the United States, the real China was not knownby the United States. China, which was described according to hearsay by Chinese American writer, wasbound to different from real China. In general, Chinese American writers wrote imagination of China, butagreed with the reality of the United States.Above three great writers groups have some common subjects, also have their preferential subject.The variation of the different motif showed different era theme, and produced the similar and differentimage of China and the United States. The image of China and the United States has his constancy andvariability. The social collective imagination was the reason of constant image. However, change’s reasonsare various, such as general environment of the time, the writer’s identity, writing language, readers’horizon of expectation and aesthetic taste, etc.New immigrant literature from mainland inherited and developed Taiwanese literature in America.Taiwan’s writers continued writing new works in a broader view, diverse subject, which showed a new eratheme and new aesthetic style. The two writers groups gradually become a group of American Chineseliterature writers group in the new century, paralleling with Chinese American English writers group. Nowtheir novels have very big difference, you can imagine, even though immigrant writers settled in the UnitedStates many years still write in Chinese, whose novels would be closed to Chinese American Englishnovels. Because a long period American culture environment affect their creative thinking, Chinese writinghas the trace of American culture, which become a product of cultural confluence between China and theUnited States. In short, America is not heaven, and China is not hell. The heaven or hell of the exotic image is artimagination of writers, which is desire and fear dream of Chinese immigrants or Chinese Americans.更多还原