【作者】 于斌；

【导师】 梁留科；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 自然地理学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 土地是人类赖以生存发展的基础，土地是地球陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，土地利用/土地覆盖变化不仅影响陆地生态系统过程与功能，还对大气系统和海洋生态系统等地球表层系统具有重要影响。人类活动对全球环境影响从广度与深度上不断加强，特别是近世纪以来，诸多全球性重大问题不断出现。地球表层正面临着环境污染、水资源短缺、生态系统退化、土壤侵蚀、生物多样性丧失、大气化学成分改变、渔业衰退、气候变化等问题。其中，尤以农用地生态环境污染及其对人类健康危害倍受关注。在此研究背景下，本文河南省东北部濮阳市以金堤河流域农用地生态健康评价为典型案例，分析研究区土地肥力、重金属污染、有机物污染、灌溉水污染，以及运用不同分类方法的评价结果和农用地污染对人体产生的危害进行评价，最后结合研究区实际情况提出全理化建议。本研究的主要内容和成果如下：（1）农用地肥力质量评价。根据土壤肥力与耕地产力之间关系，即在一定范围内土壤肥力增长与作物反应或作物产量呈现出相关性，进一步确定各肥力常数值、标准值、极限值。为避免人为主观因素对土壤肥力指标权重干扰，采用因子分析法计算各评价指标权重值。利用拟合隶属度经验公式，计算研究区采样点肥力隶属度值；再运用模糊数中加乘法原则，计算土壤肥力质量综合评价指标值。根据土壤肥力综合指数值大小，并参考水稻土、红壤、潮土和黑土四大类型的土壤肥力质量分级建议方案，研究区土壤样点肥力综合指数均在6以下，多数土壤样点肥力处于中等级别与贫瘠之间，接近于土壤养分贫瘠或较贫瘠状态。（2）农用地灌溉水污染评价。根据对子路堤（入境处）和贾垓桥（出境处）两个过水断面的全年动态观测，入境处化学需氧量年平均含量34.69(毫克/升)，呈现整体幅度减小趋势；出境化学需氧量年平均含量32.29(毫克/升)，相对入境化学需氧量变化趋势减少明显；从全年平均化学需氧量含量变化趋势来看，平均含量变化呈现增大趋势。入境氨氮月平均含量1.11(毫克/升)，出境氨氮年平均含量1.09(毫克/升)，出入境氨氮含量都表现出整体减小趋势；月平均净增加含量也保持着与出入境氨氮量变化相类似的特征，呈现出总体微弱减小趋势。基于氨氮、化学需氧量等11项指标的灌溉水质量评价，灌溉水质量综合平均污染指数为0.50，污染程度属轻度污染级别。（3）农用地大气污染评价。根据研究区大气自动监测仪对研究区地表大气进行全天候检测，二氧化硫平均值0.0261mg/m~3，全年呈现总体增大变化趋势；氮氧化物（包括一氧化氮和二氧化氮）平均值0.09059mg/m~3，全年呈现整体稳定增加趋势；可吸入颗粒物平均值0.1539mg/m~3，从全年变化来看呈现整体减少趋势。基于氮氧化物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化氮、可吸入颗粒物为主要指标的空气质量定性评价指数为0.877，空气质量级别为良。（4）农用地重金属污染国标评价。农用地环境标准参考国家土壤质量标准二级标准值《土壤环境质量标准》Ⅱ类标准，适用于农田、蔬菜地、茶园、果园、牧场等土壤。单项污染评价以国家土壤环境标准值作为参比值，为了反映特定区域分异性与重金属污染程度，选择单项污染物实测值与评价标准值来计算单项污染指数，依据土壤环境质量等级标准进行土壤环境质量分类，并对其进行质量评价。土壤重金属污染指数(pH＞7.5)和土壤有机物污染指数(有机质≤20g/kg)均小于土壤环境质量标准值，属无污染级别；其中，许庄和陈楼DDT含量高出土壤环境质量标准值，污染指数分别为0.23、0.57。（5）农用地重金属地积累污染评价。为判断土壤表层土壤重金属污染状况，对土壤样品测定结果进行统计分析。研究发现数据呈现正态分布或对数正态分布，并与河南省土壤环境背景值和中国土壤环境背景值进行对比，土壤重金属污染采用G.Muller提出的地质累积指数（Geoacculation Index）来评价土壤重金属污染，分别对各个土壤样点地积累污染指数进行计算，并进行等级划分和污染评价。其中，除砷、镉污染超标外，其他重金属污染指数均小于0，污染程度为轻度污染。（6）农用地重金属潜在生态危害评价。根据潜在生态危害指数计算公式要求，参考重金属毒性系数计算重金属单项潜在生态风险指数和重金属潜在生态总风险指数，并对各个土壤样点潜在生态危害指数进行评价。南王庄、花园、张寨集三个土壤检测点单项重金属潜在生态危害指数中汞生态危害风险指数属中等生态危害程度。除此之外，其他检测点的单项潜在生态危害指数均小于40，属轻微生态危害程度。研究区内各个土壤检测点的潜在生态危害风险综合指数均小于150，属轻微生态危害程度。（7）农用地重金属综合污染评价。根据研究区内21个土壤样点污染物实验分析，土壤及其他相关成份分析结果表明，研究区域内污染物同时超标现象较少。为了全面反映各种污染物对土壤环境质量贡献值和突出高污染物分值对土壤环境重要影响作用，兼顾土壤污染物平均值和最大值，采用内梅罗污染指数（N.L.Nemerow）计算土壤重金属综合污染，并依据指数大小和分级标准进行综合污染等级评价。结果表明农用地土壤重金属综合污染指数均小于0.7，污染程度隶属于无污染程度，或属于轻度污染程度以下。（8）农用地健康综合评价。根据农用地健康因子影响程度和层次分析方法要求，把土地健康因子分为土地肥力、重金属污染、有机物污染、灌溉水污染、大气污染五大类，并对农用地健康实验数据指标进行标准化处理。在此基础上，根据专家经验方法和土壤、水、大气等相关国家环境标准评价指标构造判断矩阵，求出判断矩阵相关系数，对土地健康影响因子进行相应层次排序，结合参评指标实验数据计算农用地健康综合指数为0.6。研究结果表明，农用地生态结构合理，生态格局完善，生态系统压力较小，外界干扰力较少，无生态异常现象，生态功能完善，生态稳定，农用地可持续发展性强。（9）人体健康评价。根据农作物重金属富集程度和研究区居民饮食结构计算摄入重金属总量，主要从食物摄入量、手－口摄入量、皮肤吸收量和呼吸摄入量四个方面计算铜、锌、铬、铅、镉、砷、汞、镍、锰、钴等10种重金属。依据人体重金属风险阈值评价研究区居民重金属暴露风险指数，重金属健康风险系数顺序为：铅(18.7168)﹥锰(16.0250)﹥镍(5.1216)﹥铬(4.0300)﹥铜(1.9681)﹥砷(1.3198)﹥锌(0.8142)﹥钴(0.7700)﹥镉(0.6536)﹥汞(0.0204)，其中铅、锰、镍、铬、铜、砷6种重金属风险指数均大于1，超过人体日平均容忍量最大值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human activity impact on global environment has been continuously strengthened from the breadthand depth of global change that happened over a period of times. The surface of the earth has to confrontedenvironmental pollution, shortage of water resources, ecosystem degradation, soil erosion, loss ofbiodiversity, atmospheric chemical composition change, piscatorial recession, climate change and otherissues, especially the agricultural land ecological pollution environment and its harm to human health isvirtually inevitable in management for agriculture modernization. Land is an indispensable material of landecosystem for human being, land use or land cover change not only affects terrestrial ecosystem processesfunctions, also on the atmospheric system and marine ecosystem. It is objective to analyze fertility, heavymetal pollution, and organic pollution, irrigation water pollution for the agricultural land health assessmentand prevention control programs, taken Jindi River Basin as an example. Combining classification methodof agricultural land pollution with harm to human body health which is directly supplies food by localfields to evaluate agricultural land health and give reasonable suggestions. The research achieves somemain conclusions; we must adopt the above mentioned measures in this research paper. The main outcomesare as follows:First, the comprehensive quality of agricultural land fertility was based on test data which is had beenexperimented in environmental chemistry laboratory. Using factor analysis method to calculate the weightof every factor for conform to constant value, standard value and limit value of land fertility and applymembership experience formula to calculate the sampling point fertility in study area for the goal ofagricultural land health quality assessment in order to avoid soil fertility index weight interference ofexperimenter, according to relationship between fertility and cultivated land production, i.e. in a certainrange of soil fertility and crop growth reaction or crop production present a correlation. Then, we grade thesoil fertility synthetically degree of paddy soil, red soil, black soil and tide soil were based on thereferenced state classification proposals. The agricultural land comprehensive quality average score offertility is six point, which is closed to soil nutrient in research area for most soil sample point fertility as inmedium-level or poor situation.Second, the agricultural land irrigation water pollution was based on dynamic observation in thetwelve-month period of2011year according with demands of social development. By comparison withZiludi that existing today, the annual average content change presents increasing tendency and monthlyaverage contents presents a general weak implication of decreasing; others as time went on, many changestook place in research area. In order to achieve some ends, we adopt the above mentioned measures toobtain test data of eleven factors that we selected in experimentation. After take nearly twelve monthsdoing test to evaluate the pollution elements for the dynamic observation, we finally selected eleven factors,such as chemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen, etc, for the irrigation water assessment. Inconclusion, the comprehensive irrigation water quality of agricultural land was based on test data which is had been experimented in environmental chemistry laboratory for computing assessment index scoresrespectively, the outcome is placed in the middle of agricultural land irrigation water pollution column.Third, the atmospheric environment pollution evaluation is based on the data of atmospheric automaticmonitoring instrument in study area during a period of time in2011year, which to combining with soilfertility and irrigation water pollution reflects off agricultural land environment pollution degree. It isaccording to atmospheric automatic monitoring of atmospheric all-weather detection standard of state, theair pollutant concentration and objective, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and inhalable particles were0.0261milligram per cubic meter,0.09059milligram per cubic meter and0.1539milligram per cubic meterrespectively.Fourth, an assessment of agricultural land heavy metals pollution depended on national standard. It isapplicable to farmland, vegetable land, tea garden land, orchard land and grass soil, as a reference criteriato calculate single point pollution level and give reasonable environmental quality classification orevaluation of soil in order to refect heavy metal pollution degree of soil in researching area according tosoil environmental quality standards. Conclusions show that soil heavy metal and organic materialcontamination degree were less than soil environmental quality standard, except for DDT in Xuzhang andChenqiao village study area which is reference to feeble risk of agricultural land heavy metal and pollutionindex value respectively.Fifth, according to metal standards evaluate land heavy metal pollution. With determination analysisof test results to judge soil surface soil heavy metal pollution from point of sample, the research conclusionshow that agricultural land heavy metal content presents normal distribution tendency in comparison withsoil background values of Henan province and China soil quality environment. Accordinggeo-accumulation evaluation index of soil heavy metal pollution assessment method, which proposed byG.Muller, to evaluate heavy metal pollution index, classification and evaluation in order to compute soilcontamination degree in the agricultural land surface.Sixth, potential ecological risk assessment based on the test data of agricultural land heavy metals.According agricultural land heavy metal potential ecology harm index formula, toxicity coefficient,potential ecological risk index to evaluate potential ecological risk, the research results show that theagricultural land potential ecological risk is slighter. In addition, Nan wangzhuang, Huayuan, andZhangzhai three villages were in the middle state of mercury potential ecological risk on one hand, andpotential risk of researching in the study area is lesser than national standard on the other hand.Seventh, agricultural land heavy metals were objective to evaluate on the basis of test data. It is fullyto reflect various pollutant distributions and emphasize outstanding contribution value of high pollutant onsoil environment quality, using Nemerow pollution index model to calculate the soil heavy metal pollutionrisk and classifying comprehensive soil heavy metal pollution degree, according correlative analysis ofpollutant test data of sample point from researching area. The conclusion show that study results of thisexperiment correlate with soil heavy metal pollution level, which is rarely exceed standard of nationalenvironment of soil, and the pollution degree belongs to mild pollution degree or slighter. Eighth, comprehensive agricultural land health assessment and human health assessment are dependedon test data of agricultural land heavy metals, irrigation water pollutant and agricultural air pollutant. Theland health factors were normalized to calculate matrix relationship coefficient for rank factors, which iscombine with the health risk of environment standard. Then, calculating concentration heavy metal dailyintake, especially, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co and As contents risk index value more than1milligram, which is notkeep within the daily average tolerance maximum on the basis of human health evaluation in researchingheavy metal exposure area.更多还原