【作者】 胡果雄；

【导师】 胡遂；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 中国哲学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 王维于盛唐时代文名煊赫，唐代宗以为“天下文宗”、“名高希代”，与其辞章合乎社会主流意识，深得儒家“致中和”理论思想密切相关。王维具备深厚的儒家底色，辞章“怨尤不露”，持论中正，对于经世兼济以“不废大伦”为文宦之基本人格要求与处世规章，在此基础之上实现“三教”融会贯通，而佛教禅宗哲学思想随着年岁的增高、俗务的淡漠而进一步深厚，最终成就“诗佛”名号。随着隋、唐门阀贵族体制式微和科举制度完善，儒家哲学不可避免成为文士安身立命的必由之径。王维科场顺通而仕途坎坷，穷达相兼，此一折衷而又不越常轨的人生阅历，对王维的哲学思想的形成至关重要。同时代诸多理佛文人、居士中，多数唯具备佛禅之形而未真正实践和保有其核。较之后文人理佛每每理论与生活实践相脱离，王维则将理论与实践契合无间。仕途并非王维竭尽全力之所求，而空灵寂静求得佛家无生，才可谓王维完整之索求与终其一生的最高理想。王维早年由儒家而仕进，具有浓厚的“活国济人”兼善天下的儒家人生哲学理想，追求人我之整体外在圆满。随着时序位势之变，转而倾慕隐遁、虚静、澄澈而至于物化大通。王维早年有求仙问道之心，亦出于天机聪颖、智慧绝伦和保持澄澈身心的高端主观意愿。仕途的挫折和人生的失意依然是王维道家思想植根与繁茂的外在客观因素，严峻现实注定要求王维调节心态以适应客观社会环境，求得内心的平和，具体表现为以淡泊无为而求身形之道，虚静全真而求心神之道，物化大通而求审美之道。王维家庭背景和个体特质是成就其“诗佛”的重要原因。初唐抑制豪强，佛门失却权贵稳定之物质依托，这就导致凭依朝廷权门而昌显的贵族化的北宗，最终为拥有广大信众的平民化的南宗所取代。王维于南阳郡受神会之托撰《能禅师碑》，深入阐明南宗哲理，南宗在逐渐取得正统地位的过程中，获得文坛具有极大影响的王维的鼎力支持。王维理佛至精至诚，一身南、北禅兼修，顿、渐并行不悖，以渐门戒律规范日常行止，以顿门妙悟实践艺术创作，佛教哲学思想浸染其内心世界并终其一生孜孜以求圆满。王维深刻领悟佛教禅宗思想中“身心相离”和“不染万境”的恒然妙趣，并以此运作心神、身形，这与他所处社会环境和自幼熏染有关，更加与其秉性、志趣、特长和审美思想密切相关联。王维哲学思想的本体论表现为“空寂”思想，认识论表现为“不二法门”思想，实践论表现为“去执”思想，境界论表现为“不染万境”和“心生万境”思想。上述思想对王维的艺术创作和日常行止影响极大。王维有异于其他仕宦阶层所向往和实践的“内圣外王”思想，对于理想与现实之间的差异，提出“外人内天”的理论思想，由醇儒理想化的治国模式，演变为超越完美人格修养，行政合乎天道自然之后，精神境界达到真如涅槃——外在实现“圣”、“王”之道德与作为、内心实现空寂无尘的境界。王维之“身心相离”说，在于深悟“本性自在”的禅宗真谛。“本性自在”是“身心相离”的佛禅理论基础，“不染万境”则是王维“身心相离”处世方式的最终结局。王维之内心世界与哲学思想，充分体现在个体内心的和谐与和谐环境的营造。王维所谓“不染万境”，事实上形成了与万境相交融而自我圆满圆通，事事随缘，处处随意，随心所欲而不违外物的境界。王维禅宗思想体现在自性与自证，并迥异于试图于它途得解脱者在于自尊的保持，自信的滋长，与自得的绵远。禅宗之自性是佛，理论上支持了传统士大夫自我意识之觉悟，将精神世界之理想结构，远置于物质满足之上，并以万物共存为基本之前提与出发点，从而形成具有强大精神力量与社会认同之理性生存方式，是为构建和谐社会之先声，亦为传统社会超级稳定之极大推动者。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wang Wei was eminently famous for his literature in the Tang dynasty. Theideology of Emperor Daizong of Tang is World literature can highlight generations,with poetry and prose conforming to the mainstream of social consciousness. Theideology was closely related to Confucian theory of to attain to a state of equilibriumand harmony. Wang Wei had profound background of the Confucianism. His literaturehad characteristics of "complaining not dewing", and his moral principles were servethe country and help the people, conform to the honesty and morality, which werethe basic human requirements and regulations of cultural officials. On the bases ofthese, Wang Wei achieved mastery of three religions, and his Zen philosophy wasdeeper and deeper with increasing age and indifferent to earthliness. Ultimately, heachieved success of poetry Buddha.With the declining of aristocracy family of power and influence and the improvingof imperial examination system, Confucian philosophy inevitably became the bestspirit foundation and entrustment pursuit for scholars. Wang Wei was smooth andsuccessful in imperial examination, but his official career was full of frustrations, withboth fortunate and unfortunate life. This eclectic, compromising and normal lifeexperience of Wang Wei was crucial to his philosophy thought formation. Among somany scholars and lay Buddhists who followed Li-ism and Buddhism in the sameperiod, Most of them only had Buddhist form without real practice and maintenance itscore spirit. Compared with these scholars and lay Buddhists who always separatedtheory and practice, Wang Wei incorporated theory into practice thoroughly. This isundoubtedly one of the major causes of his impeccable fame of poetry Buddha ".Official career was not the only pursuit Wang Wei exerted his full energy for. Andethereal and intangible silence and No birth and no death of Buddhism were WangWei’s complete pursuit and his highest ideal for whole life.From his early years, Wang Wei transferred from Confucian research to pursuitofficial career. He had a strong and profound Confucian philosophy of and dynamiccountry make people live happily and prosperously and benefit all the people in theworld, and he pursued the whole external satisfaction between others and me. Withthe change of time and position, he transferred to admire reclusion, empty and quiet,clean and clear spirit as the state of bring everything together and understand thoroughly. In his early life, Wang Wei had intended to seek immortal truth and learnTaoism, also out of his high-end subjective intention with intelligence, wisdom andclear exquisite mind. Frustration of official Career and loss of life are still the externalobjective factors of his profound and luxuriant Taoist thought. The tough reality wasdestined to request him to adjust states of mind in order to adapt to the objective socialenvironment and achieve inner peace. The Specific performances was indifferent andinaction to physical reality, empty and quiet in mind and mood, bringing everythingtogether and understand thoroughly for aesthetic rules.Wang Wei’s family background and individual character still were the importantreasons of his poetry Buddha achievement. With the further decline of the aristocratfamily system in Tang Dynasty, Buddhism lost stable and material support from powerpeople. The former significant and prosperous aristocratic north sect with support fromimperial government was eventually replaced by south sect with support from majorityof civilians. Wang Wei was entrusted by Assemblies of God to write monument togreat Buddhist monk of Neng in Nanyang County. He elucidated thoroughly thephilosophic theory of south sect. During the process of South sect gradually gaininglegitimacy and authority position, it had great support from Wang Wei who hadenormous influence in China’s the literary circles. Among so many scholars and layBuddhists who followed Li-ism and Buddhism in the same period, Wang Weiincorporated theory into practice thoroughly, mastered Li-ism and Buddhism with finesincerity and proficiency, incorporated both South and north Zen thought, carried onDun sect and Jian sect at the same time without confliction. He regulated dailybehavior with precepts of Dun sect, to practice art creation with intuition andapperception. As Buddhist philosophy disseminated fully his inner world, he strived topursue perfection diligently for his whole life.Wang Wei fully understood constructive and interesting implication separation ofbody and heart and come out of the earthliness, but unsoiled, and he operated inboth mind and physical life. The formation of Buddhism and Zen ontology wasassociated with Wang Wei’s social environment there and Influence of childhood, andmore with Wang Wei’s character, natural instincts, interests, skills and aestheticthought. His ontology expression showed "empty" thought. Wang Wei’s "empty"thought derived from Taoist philosophy of destroy", death "," change" from SixDynasties, and instilled new content with his individual and unique understanding ofBuddhism classical theory, which got rid of fame and surface things, defined the stateof Zen incredibly and expressively. Epistemology showed the thought of the only proper course to take ". Wang Wei ended the contend of to have and to lost,ascertained exist and "destroy " like smoke, dream and fantasy, was aware that therewas no dirty world and clear world with no differences between them, and formedan unified view of things and myself, full and " empty ", all living creatures,Various ideas, beyond the world of life and realize one’s own value in real life.The opposite theory of Confucian, Taoism were all include in the only proper courseto take "of Buddhism, which achieved the highest wisdom of Prajna, and at lastaccomplished Wang Wei’s thought of Zen Buddhism. Practice theory expressed thethought of get rid of stubbornness on all things. Wang Wei was good at turningordinary state into the state of Zen, which to remove personal bias toward the usualenvironment in mortal earth and process the material things with freedom and interest.When he removed personal bias toward the usual environment in mortal earth, WangWei showed the concept of let something go naturally and adopt environment, and hehad full physical and mental relief and relax which in his eyes, everything in theuniverse were all going smoothly and fulfilled his desire. In Realm theory this statewas come out of the earthliness, but unsoiled and Inclusive to all kinds ofearthliness, the world is as how you feel it. and desolate silence in nature.Difference from other official class who yearned for and practice with thought ofa Learning Both Sound in Theory and Practice, for the differences between idealand reality, he put forward the theory of Outsiders Within Days, which turned thepure Confucian ideal mode of governing country into a state with evolution beyond theperfect personality, administration of country conforming to nature and spiritualrealm reaching nirvana. That was to realize a learning both sound in theory andpractice in external Morality and behavior, and internal empty and clean heart. WangWei’s thought of separation of body and heart was based on deep understanding ofthe core truth freedom nature of Zen. Freedom nature was the Zen and Buddhismtheoretic foundation of separation of body and heart and come out of the earthliness,but unsoiled was the ultimate way of life of separation of body and heart. WangWei’s inner world and philosophical thought fully reflected the harmony both inindividual inner world and outside environment. Wang Wei’s separation of body andheart in fact form a fulfillment and perfection interactive with outside world,everything in the universe all going smoothly and flexibly at his pleasure, rather thanagainst external realm. Wang Wei’s Zen thought expressed in individual characteristicsand self verification, which was different from those who attempted to get relief fromother ways. He maintained self esteem, self confidence and self complacency continuously. The nature of Buddhism and Zen was Buddha, which form theoreticsupport to self consciousness of traditional scholars and bureaucrats. To build a idealstructure of spiritual world above material requirement, to treat all things co-exist asthe basic prerequisite and starting point, to form a rational way of existence withstrong spiritual power and social identity, all these are the traditions of harmonioussociety construction, and great promotion of traditional society stability.更多还原