【作者】 高义民；

【导师】 常庆瑞；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 土地资源与空间信息技术， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 施肥是果园管理的重要内容，土壤养分是果园土壤肥力水平的标志，也是进行合理施肥的重要依据。由于缺乏有效的评价标准和手段，陕西渭北旱塬地区苹果园养分管理中普遍存在盲目施肥和凭经验施肥现象，造成大量肥料浪费，影响了苹果产量和经济效益的进一步提高。本研究以渭北地区30个苹果基地县产量15t·hm^-2及以上的盛产期红富士果园为研究对象，采用常规统计方法、地统计方法和空间分析方法，并结合果树长期定位肥料效应试验，对区域内果园土壤有效养分丰缺状况、地理特征、时空变异及其与施肥的效应关系进行研究，可为全面掌握本区域果园土壤养分基本特征、指导合理施肥、提高养分管理水平提供参考依据。主要研究结果和结论如下：1、渭北旱塬地区13个苹果基地县3752个果园（农户）施肥结果调查结果表明，全区普遍采用高肥料投入的生产模式，年肥料平均用量为纯N587kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅362kg·hm^-2、K₂O255kg·hm^-2，有机肥平均用量为6.1kg·hm^-2。渭北地区果园分布频率最高的肥料用量范围为纯N400～600kg·hm^-2，P₂O₅200～400kg·hm^-2，K₂O0～200kg·hm^-2，有机肥用量为0的果园占果园总数的71.7%。与早期相比，呈现氮、钾肥用量增加，磷肥用量减少的趋势，有机肥平均用量仅为早期的1/4。N和P₂O₅用量优生区最高，次适宜区最低，K₂O平均用量适宜区最高，次适宜区最低，有机肥平均用量次适宜区最高，优生区最低。苹果产量与氮肥用量在不同生态区和不同产量水平的果园类型均呈现极显著正效应关系，而与磷肥、钾肥的相关程度则因生态区和产量水平类型的不同存在较大差异。对渭北地区果园施肥过量与不足状况的评价结果表明，三个气候生态区氮肥均以过量施用为主，磷肥过量和不足现象并存，钾肥用量则以不足为主。氮、磷肥过量施用的果园比例随苹果平均产量升高而增加，而其用量不足的比例则随之呈降低趋势。钾肥用量不足的果园主要分布在次适宜区和优生区，所占比例分别达到74.6%和65.3%，大大高于适宜区。2、对陕西渭北旱塬地区全部30个苹果基地县24608个盛产期红富士苹果园的土壤有机质和速效养分含量分析结果表明，陕西渭北苹果园土壤有机质平均含量11.7g·kg^-1，整体处于偏低水平，碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的平均含量分别为62.7mg·kg^-1、15.8mg·kg^-1和155.8mg·kg^-1，有效磷和速效钾以缺乏为主，而碱解氮以适量和高量为主。三个生态区的土壤速效养分平均含量存在较大差异，优生区的碱解氮和有效磷平均含量最高，而有机质含量最低，次适宜区的速效钾含量最高。随着果园产量水平的提高，土壤碱解氮、速效磷和有效钾含量呈现增加趋势，而有机质含量随产量变化的趋势性不明显。不同产量水平的果园土壤碱解氮含量与苹果产量均呈极显著正相关，土壤速效钾和有机质含量与苹果产量的相关性均不显著。其中3752个跟踪做过施肥调查的果园的氮、磷、钾肥用量与土壤速效养分含量的回归分析结果表明，果园的氮肥用量与土壤碱解氮含量和P2O用量与土壤速效磷含量分别呈极显著正相关关系，K₂O用量则与速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系，氮肥用量和土壤速效磷含量呈显著负相关关系。3、土壤速效养分的地形特征和地统计学分析结果表明，果园土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量随坡度增加呈减少趋势，土壤有机质和碱解氮含量阴坡大于阳坡。土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾呈现强烈的空间相关性，内在因子（结构性因素）对其起主导作用，碱解氮具有中等的空间变异性，是结构性因素和随机性因素（施肥等人类活动）共同作用的结果。研究区土壤有机质含量呈现带状分布，从南向北呈明显的递减趋势。土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量呈斑块状分布，从南向北和从西向东均呈递减的趋势，土壤速效钾的地带性特征不明显。土壤养分插值结果检验和精度分析表明，土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷的预测结果比实测大，而速效钾则相反，预测值与实测值的误差率在3.4¹2.0%之间。近25年以来，渭北旱塬地区苹果种植区土壤有机质和速效养分均以增加的趋势为主，其中有机质含量增加的面积占总面积的64.7%，增加幅度主要在0¹0.0g·kg^-1之间。对于碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾，这一比例分别为73.8%、93.9%和94.6%，增加幅度分别为碱解氮0²0.0mg·kg^-1、有效磷0¹5.0mg·kg^-1和速效钾0⁵0.0mg·kg^-1。土壤养分变化值插值结果表明，土壤有效养分增加幅度较大的区域基本处于近年苹果种植面积最大的区域和苹果产业最为著名的区域。4、苹果长期定位肥料效应试验结果表明，长期氮、磷、钾肥配合施用显著增加了苹果产量，而不同产量年份的增产效果存在较大差异。肥料对苹果产量和单果质量的影响效果，均为氮肥大于磷和钾肥；对苹果产量的影响效果，高产年磷肥显著大于钾肥，中、低产年则无显著差异；对单果质量的影响效果，高产和中产年磷肥和钾肥无显著性差异，低产年钾肥显著大于磷肥。氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率和肥料贡献率顺序一致，均为高、中产年：氮>磷>钾，低产年：氮>钾>磷。与对照（CK）比较，NPK处理显著增加了苹果可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量，但对果实中维生素C和可滴定酸含量无显著影响。长期氮、磷、钾肥配合施用增加了果园土壤有效氮、磷、钾的含量，有效氮、磷、钾的累积在不同土层中差别较大，有效氮的累积随土层深度增加而增加，有效磷和有效钾随土层深度增加而减少。土壤中累积的速效氮、磷养分会对下一年度苹果的产量产生显著性影响，同时，对苹果产量的影响效果跟氮、磷养分累积的土层深度有关。其中20⁴0cm土层的速效氮和速效磷含量与当年的苹果产量呈显著正相关关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fertilization is an important part of the orchard management. Mean while soil availablenutrient is not only a sign of orchard soil fertility level, but also is the important basis offertilization. Due to the lack of effective evaluation standard and methods, there generally hasthe phenomenon of fertilizing blindly or only by experience during apple orchards nutrientmanagement in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi. As a consequence, lots of fertilizers are wasted, soas to affect the yield and further improving the economic benefits of the apple.Objects: Study on soil effective nutrients level status of apple orchards and itsgeographical features, temporal and spatial variation and their relationship with fertilizingeffect. Of this thesis, we select season orchards of Fuji apple whose yields more than15t·hm–2of30apple base counties in Loess Plateau of Shaanxi as research subjects.Methods: Combining the long-term fertilizer effect experiment of fruit trees, theconventional statistics, statistical and spatial analysis methods were used.Results:Part1:The results from the investigation of3752orchard fertilization （farmers） in13apple basecounties in the region of Weibei Plateau indicate that high fertilizer input production modewas widely used, and year average fertilizer dosages were pure N587kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅362kg·hm^-2 and K₂O255kg·hm^-2. In addition, average organic fertilizer dosage was6.1kg·hm^-2. Highest frequency distribution scope of fertilizer for orchard were pure N400～600kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅200～400kg·hm^-2 and K₂O0～200kg·hm^-2, and orchards of no usingorganic fertilizer occupied71.7%of total ones.Compared with early time, this results present increasing trend of nitrogen and potashconsumption, but the phosphate fertilizer consumption appears reducing trend, and the dosage of organic fertilizer on average was only about a quarter of that in early. The result also showsthat fertilizer amounts of N and P₂O₅was highest in the most suitable areas, was lowest inthe sub-suitable areas, and average K₂O dosage was highest in suitable areas, and also waslowest in the sub-suitable areas. However, the dosage of organic fertilizer on average washighest in the sub-suitable areas, was lowest in the most suitable areas.It presents significantly positive relationship between apple yield and nitrogen fertilizerin different ecological zones and different output levels of orchard types, but the relevancebetween apple yield and the phosphate or potash fertilizer are large difference by biome andby different types of output level.Evaluation results of excess or lack fertilization for orchards in Weibei region show thatnitrogen fertilizer application was mainly excessive, phosphorus was excessive or deficient,and potash fertilizer dosage is mainly insufficient in three climate zones. The proportion oforchard which nitrogen and phosphate application are excessive increases with rising, but theproportion of lack nitrogen and phosphate orchards presents downtrend with average appleyield decreasing. The orchards of lack of potash application are mainly distributed the mostsuitable and sub-suitable areas, whose proportion occupied in whole orchards accounted for74.6%and65.3%respectively, compared with most suitable, which is much higher than thatof the suitable areasPart2:Soil organic matter and available nutrient content analysis results of24608season ofFuji apple orchards in all30apple base counties of Weibei region in Shaanxi province showthat average soil organic matter content is11.7g·kg-1, and this level is lowest in all areas.The average contents of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, effective phosphorus and availablepotassium are62.7mg·kg^-1,15.8mg·kg^-1 and155.8mg·kg^-1 respectively, and effectivephosphorus and available potassium consumption mainly present deficiency, but alkalinehydrolysis nitrogen is given as moderate and high dosage.There are large differences for the average soil available nutrients content among threeecological zones, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen and effective phosphorus content in the mostsuitable areas are the highest on average, organic matter content is lowest, andrapidly-available potassium content in sub-suitable areas is highest. With the improvement oforchard production levels, soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content showed a trend of increase, however, the trend of organic mattercontent changes with apple production is not obvious.It is extremely significant correlation between soil alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen contentand apple production in all different yield levels orchards, but soil available potassium andorganic matter content are not significantly related to apple yields. In addition, correlationcoefficient, as a whole, is the highest between soil effective phosphorus and apple yield inmoderate yield orchards.The regression analysis results of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash application and soilavailable nutrient content in3752orchard tracking investigation show that these were verysignificant positive correlation between orchards nitrogen fertilizer and soilalkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content, and between amount of P2O and soil available p contentrespectively, it was significantly positive correlation between the dosage of K₂O andavailable k content, and it was significantly negative correlation between nitrogen fertilizerand soil available p content.Part3:The results of terrain features and geo-statistical analysis of soil available nutrientindicate that orchard soil organic matter, alkali-hydro nitrogen and available phosphoruscontent are all downtrend with the increase of slope, and soil organic matter and alkalisolution nitrogen is greater in Yin slope than that in Yang slope. Soil organic matter, availablephosphorus and available potassium all showed strong spatial correlation respectively becauseits inner factors,（structural factors） play a leading role. Alkali solution nitrogen presentsmedium spatial variability, which is the result of the interaction of the structural and randomfactors （human activities such as fertilizer）. Soil organic matter content presents zonaldistribution in the research area, which presents obvious decreasing trend from the south tonorth. Soil alkaline hydrolysis N and available P content shape patch distribution, which is atrend of decline from south to north and from west to east. However, the zonal characteristicof soil available K is not obvious.Soil nutrient interpolation results and accuracy analysis show that the forecast results ofsoil organic matter, alkali-hydro nitrogen and effective phosphorus are all larger than itmeasured, but that of available K, on the other hand, is opposite, and the margin of error ofthe predicted values and measured one is between3.4¹2.0%. The areas of soil available nutrients increased amplitude larger mainly distribute in the largest apple planting area recentyears and the famous area for apple industry.Recent25years, soil organic matter and available nutrients of apple orchards in Weibeiregion are mainly increasing trend, in which the area of the organic matter content accountedfor64.7%of total area, its increased amplitude is mainly between0¹0.0g·kg^-1. Foralkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, effective phosphorus and available potassium, the proportion ofits occupation in whole areas are73.8%,93.9%and94.6%respectively, whose increased rateof alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is0²0.0mg·kg^-1, effective phosphorus0¹5.0mg·kg^-1and available potassium0⁵0.0mg·kg^-1 respectively.Part4:Test results of apple’s long-term fertilizer effect show that long time combinedapplication of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer made apple production increasedsignificantly, while the increased production effect in different production year changes muchbigger. The effects of fertilizer on apple yields and single fruit quality are all of N is greaterthan P and K.As regards as effects of fertilizer on the apple production, P was significantly greaterthan K in higher production years, and there was no significant difference for fertilizer effectsin medium and low yield years. Effects of fertilizer on the quality of single fruit, there was nosignificant difference in high and middle yield years for phosphate and potash, but K effectwas significantly greater than P in low yield years.Agronomy efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer and contribution rateare of same order, which is N> P> K in high and middle production years; N> K> P in lowyield years. Long time combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizerincreased the orchard soil effective content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but theaccumulation of effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different soil layer changesbigger respectively. Among that, accumulation of effective nitrogen increased with theincrease of soil depth, on the other hand, accumulations of the effective phosphorus andeffective potassium decrease with the increase of soil depth.It is believed that available nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients accumulated in soil have asignificant impact on apple yield in next year, at the same time, the effects of fertilizer nutrient accumulation in soil on the apple production related to soil depth. Therein toavailable nitrogen and available phosphorus content in20⁴0cm depth soil wassignificantly positive correlation to apple yields.Conclusion: These research results can provide some references for providing acomprehensive grasp for orchard soil nutrient characteristics, guiding the rational fertilization,and improving the level of nutrient management in Weibei area in Shaanxi province.更多还原