现代教育与恐惧制造的研究

【作者】 章乐；

【导师】 高德胜；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 德育学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 恐惧是人在感知或想象到危险即将来临时,产生的一种伴随着强烈的紧张与不确定感的情绪。虽然它会产生诸多消极影响,但是在某些情况下,它却具有积极作用,比如,保护个体与人类免遭危险伤害；驱使人类增强把握世界的能力;孵化社会性情感；孕育勇敢的品质以及让人类接近完美。形而上地看,人类会产生恐惧是因为人是一个对自身脆弱性和有限性具有自我意识的存在。与动物相比,人是一个文化的存在,这意味着人类恐惧的对象和程度都会受到社会文化的影响。另一方面,由于人的非特定性,在其的一生中,恐惧的对象和程度也会发生巨大的变化。教育是人类超越恐惧的重要方式。通过教育,人类可以消除那些不利于完满生活的恐惧；可以直面那些无法消除的恐惧；也可以学会某些有利于完满生活的恐惧。现代教育就在一定程度上帮助现代人消除了某些古老的恐惧,尤其是理解缺乏所引发的恐惧。然而,现代教育在消除了某些古老恐惧的同时,却又制造了另一些不合理的恐惧,使得整个教育俨然变成了“恐惧的教育学”。虽然,从形式上看,这些新的恐惧与那些古老的恐惧并没有本质的差别,但是,从对象上看,二者却发生了巨大的变化。在现代教育的“场域”中,对未来、竞争、学习以及规范的恐惧是四种最主要的恐惧。如果考虑这些恐惧对象的内在联系,那么也可以把它们统称为对学校的恐惧。现代教育是通过夸大未来“身份”争夺的残酷；营造紧张恐惧的竞争氛围；强加难以承受的学业负担；以及学校生活的“监狱化”四个机制让学生长期生活于恐惧之下。现代教育制造了种种人为的、不合理的恐惧,必然会造成严重的后果,比如,形成“恐惧的心态”;促成顺从权威的心理倾向;以及制造冷漠自私一代。现代教育制造了种种人为的、不合理的恐惧是现代社会中的不确定性问题在教育领域的投射。从“稳固的现代性”进入“流动的现代性”,不确定性成为现代人无法逃避的命运。由于现代人试图以错误的方式重获确定性,结果不仅没有成功,反而制造出种种人为的恐惧。现代教育制造恐惧就产生于这样的逻辑：“个体化”进程使现代人“身份焦虑”凸显,而“劳动”的胜利和“消费社会”的兴起又使现代人试图通过占有实利来获得“身份”,在二者的“共谋”下,具有“身份”功能的现代教育沦为了争夺未来“身份”的“角斗场”；“风险社会”带来的“新礼节”使现代人过度地关注人身安全,结果为了学生的人身安全,学校却沦为了“监狱”；不仅如此,在一个不确定的时代里,学校自身的合理性也从根基上受到了质疑,而制造恐惧却可以让学校重获“魅力”。教育恢复平静的必要性不言而喻。虽然,这个过程是艰辛的,因为它与这个不确定时代交织在一起,但是,它却有来自现代教育和现代人自身的内在动力。要恢复教育的平静,现代教育必须转向：其一,从单纯地改变外部世界以获得确定性,转向同时改变内心与外部世界,因为仅仅依靠某一种方式,都可能带来严重的后果;其二,从单纯地消除恐惧转向超越恐惧,因为在这个人为的不确定时代里,不仅要消除不合理的恐惧,同时还要学会合理的恐惧,直面无法消除的恐惧。具体地说,现代教育需要重建人与人的健全关系；引导现代人从实利的占有转向智慧与美德的追寻；并培养现代人正确的“风险意识”。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fear is a kind of emotion with feelings of tension and uncertainty which is produced when people feel dangerous. Although it has lots of negative consequences, it has some positive significance in some special cases, such as protecting people from dangers, propelling people to promote their abilities of understanding the world, incubating social emotions, breeding the quality of bravery and perfecting the life of human beings. People can fear due to they can realize their vulnerability and limitation in the abstract. Man is a culture animal, which means that the object and degree of the fear can be influenced by social culture. Besides, the object and degree of fear will also be changed in one’s life because of man’s non-specific. Education is an important way for people to get through fear. Through education, people can eliminate unreasonable fear, face up to the fear that can’t be removed and learn reasonable fear. To a certain extent, modern education could help human eliminating some kinds of old fear, especially the fear caused by lacking of understanding.However, Modern education creates some new unreasonable fear while eliminating some kinds of old fear, which makes the whole education becoming Education in Fear. Although these new fear are not different from those old ones in formal, they are totally different in the object. In the field of modern education, future fear, competition fear, study fear and norm fear are four major fears. They can also be called school fear overall considering the relationship between them. Modern education makes fear through four mechanisms, that is overstating cruel of future, building atmosphere of morbid competition, imposing unbearable academic burden, and changing school life into prison-like. Modern education makes a variety of man-made and unreasonable fear, which will cause serious consequences, such as, forming mentality of fear, facilitating psychological tendency of obeying authority, and manufacturing indifference and the generation of selfish.Deeply, this problem of modern education is caused by the uncertainty of modern society. From Stable Modernity to Flow Modernity, moderns can’t be escape from uncertainty. By pursuing to certainty in a wrong way, they made lots of man-made fear. The problem of fear-made modern education is a result of this logic. Firstly, Individualization makes moderns worry about Identities more than ever before, and victories of Labor and Consumer Society make them trying to hold money to obtain Identities, which lead to the field of education filling with cruel competitions, and school to be a battle for Identities. Secondly, New Etiquette in Risk Society makes moderns pay to much attention to personal safety. Thus, school descends to be prison-like in the name of students’ personal safety. Finally, in this uncertain time, the rationality of school is under threat, so it needs recovering its charm by making fear.It is necessary for education to restore calm. As binding up with this uncertain time, this process will be difficult. But it has inner powers from modern education and modern people. To restore calm, modern education must be reformed. Firstly, it must pursue certainty from both inner and outer world instead of outside world only because depending on either of these will lead to serious consequences. Secondly, it must replace eliminate fear with transcend fear. Because in this uncertain times, moderns should not only eliminate unreasonable fear, but also learn how to fear reasonable and face up to the fear which can’t be removed. Specifically, modern education needs to rebuild the relationship between moderns, guide moderns from holding money to pursuing wisdom and virtue, and to develop moderns right Risk Consciousness.更多还原