性别正义视域下当代中国女性参政研究

【作者】 牛天秀；

【导师】 赵晖；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 正义问题最基本的应该是两大性别人群的“正义”问题。传统公共领域和私人领域的二元分化忽略了女性的政治主体地位,女性往往被排除在政治权力关系之外,这一事实引起了女权主义对传统政治正义的挑战,由此形成了基于男女两性的“权利平等”、“制度公正”以及“分配正义”等性别政治理论。政治领域的性别平等与不平等关系随着社会的发展变化而变化。现代意义上的性别正义不仅仅在于实现两性平等的形式和内容,更注重建构公正的制度和先进的性别文化。中国女性参政的历史进程显示,女性参政并不能在瞬间呈现出有序状态,它在国家与社会之间的互动关系中不断变迁,随着政策变动呈波浪式发展。新中国成立以后,国家通过制定有关法规政策来保障女性权益,并通过妇女组织积极培养选拔女干部,使女性参政取得了一定进步,但较之教育、经济、卫生等领域发展仍较为缓慢。总体来看,中国女性权力参与比例仍然偏低,关键岗位正职少,高层权力尖端缺损现象严重,整体推进艰难。其主要原因在于国家性别制度不健全,有关女性参政的法律本身缺乏可操作性和强制性,深层次原因在于男权主导的政治文化和男尊女卑的社会性别文化的“因循”与“再生”。政治权力是其他一切权利的核心,如果政治决策层长期缺少女性参与,就会造成政治资源分配不公,阻碍社会实现性别公正的制度目标和性别正义的价值目标。所以,基于中国现实来探索女性参政的性别正义发展路径势在必然。当代中国女性参政改革表现出渐进主义的特征,需要逐级推进。就当前国家与社会关系的发展阶段来看,中国需要一种政府主导型的女性参政模式,即政府在价值导向、政策保护和提升女性整体素质等方面起主要作用,负主要责任。这种政府主导的政策管理模式作为短时期的策略,在某种程度上能够缩小男女两性在参政数据上的差距,能够锻炼女性的参政能力,但实质上的男女平等需要制度和文化建设来保障。人类有关平等的认识并不是与生俱来的,其规划实现平等的能力需要对男女两性进行宣传、培训等,这种文化的塑造对男女两性同等重要。政府应该利用多种渠道宣传、引导正义的性别文化,对女性群体进行权力意识的灌输与启蒙,促成独立自强的女性文化氛围,激发女性参政的内生动力。既有性别文化观念依靠主体自觉发生改变仍然困难,推进女性参政改革主要依靠法内制度。政府的制度安排应该尽可能体现男女参政的机会公平和程序正义,在允许适当的客观差异条件下,必须考虑潜在的过度性别差异,尽量使因差异导致的最少受惠者得到补偿性政策或者倾斜政策。同时,政府应该提高领导人的性别正义意识,积极推动女性参政问题纳入政策议程,在具体性别政策实施中加强监督和评估,对女干部培养实施领导责任制。具有性别意识的制度和政策具有自我强化的作用,通过女性参政数量和质量的增加,能够逐渐形成男女平等参政的性别正义价值观,并反作用于男权主导的政治文化,利于实现真正意义上的男女平等。中国的女性参政受文化、制度、政策等多重因素的影响,从形式的平等到实质的性别正义需要走阶梯式发展路径,首先达到政策执行结果的男女形式平等,其次实现制度设计的两性差异公平,最终的价值目标为公共领域和私人领域的双重性别正义。女性作为生产者同时也应该是决策者,只有男女两性均形成性别正义的价值认同,女性参政才能快速发展和进步。更多还原

【Abstract】 The most basic question of justice should be the "justice" between man and women. The traditional duality between public and private ignores women’s political status, and women are often excluded from political power relations, which led to feminism challenge traditional political justice, therefore sex political theory, such as "equal rights", institution fairness" and "distribution justice" are gradually produced.Gender equality and inequality in politics change with social development. Modern gender justice not only lies in the realization the equality of the sexes in form and content, but pay more attention to the construction of justice institution and the advanced gender culture. The historical process of Chinese women’s political participation shows the political participation of women has not exhibited orderly in an instant, while changing with the interaction between state and society in wavy fluctuation. After the founding of new China, the government formulated relevant policies and regulations to protect the rights and interests of women, and trained and selected active female cadres by women’s organizations, so the political participation of women has made much more progress, but the progress is still slow comparing with education, economic, health and other fields. On the whole, the proportion of Chinese Women’s political participation is still low, especially few principals key positions, peak defection seriously in high power system, and overall difficulty to propel. The main reason comes from the defection of national gender system, the weak of execution and supervision in the law itself relating on women political participation; whereas the deep reason is the male-dominated political culture regarding women are inferior to men, coupled with the traditional gender system "continuance" and " regeneration ", which set lots of difficulties for women to enter into the power system. Political power is the core of all other rights, if the lack of women in political decision-making in the long term, it will cause the unfair distribution of political resources, impeding the goal of gender justice institutional system and gender justice value. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the path of gender justice for Chinese woman’s clothing political participation based on the reality of China.The reform of Chinese women’s political participation shows the characteristics of gradualism, and it needs to advance step by step. On the current stage of development relating the relationship between state and society, China is in need of a government dominated women’s political participation mode, namely the government plays a major role and bear the main responsibility in value orientation, policy protection and the overall quality promotion of women. As a short-term strategy, the government dominated mode can reduce the gender gap in political participation to a certain extent, and train the political capacity of women, but the essential equality of men and women need to system and cultural construction guarantee.Human equality awareness is not innate, while the planning and realization of equal ability need to carry out through propaganda, training, etc, Such cultural mould are equally important to both sexes. The government should use many channels of publicity to guide the justice gender culture, indoctrinating and enlightening power consciousness of women, promoting female cultural atmosphere of independence and self-improvement, and stimulating the endogenous power of women’s political participation. It is difficult to change existing concept of gender idea and culture, so promoting women’s political participation mainly rely on internal law system reform. The government’s institutional arrangements should embody the opportunity fairness and procedural justice to both sexes as much as possible, considering excessive potential gender differences in the condition of appropriate objective differences, and letting the least beneficiaries getting compensatory policy as far as possible. At the same time, the government should improve the gender consciousness of the leaders, respect for gender subject selection, allowing modest gender differences, strengthen supervision, evaluation in gender specific policy implementation, and implementation the leadership responsibility in training women cadres.The institution and policy with gender consciousness has self-reinforcing effect. Gender justice values will be formed gradually through the increase women political participation in quantity and quality, and it can react to the male-dominated political culture, finally conducive to the realization of equality of men and women in the real sense. The influence on Chinese women’s political participation relates culture, institution, policy and other factors, stepped development path is needed in order to go from formal equality to gender virtual justice. First of all equality in form between men and women is to be obtained through policy implementation; then realization the gender differences in system design, the ultimate goal is to attain dual gender justice both in public and private field. Women as producers should also be the decision maker. Only the formation of gender justice both in men and women can the political participation of women have a rapid development and progress.更多还原