基于知识分类的视觉表征研究

【作者】 朱永海；

【导师】 张舒予；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 教育技术学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 视觉文化时代的来临,技术的变革、工具的变化和文化的变迁,视觉性的弥散和审美化的生存,成为社会的基本特征。教育领域符号实践本体超越了符号研究本体的教学理念走向台前,促使“读图”和“知识视觉表征”成为教育的一种内在需求。知识视觉表征是知识可视化的具体实践途径,重点表现在情感表征、创新思维培养和隐性知识挖掘等三大功能上,从而区别于当前国内外知识可视化主要局限于或借鉴于企业知识管理领域的理论与方法体系,构建出教育领域的知识视觉表征理论体系与基于知识分类的视觉表征方法体系框架。论文以当前知识可视化研究中的问题分析为“研究起点”,以“知识”核心的“符号意义”与“视觉媒介”的“符号形式”相结合的“符号”作为知识视觉表征“研究结合点”,以“知识”的符号学视角的界定为“研究切入点”并作为“研究线索”,贯穿研究各个环节的探讨,并作为几个核心概念界定和主要研究问题的依据。首先,在“表征内容”层面：明确从符号学视角把“知识”概念界定为两个方面：意义及组织(结构／形式),并与心理学中的理解对应起来,指出本研究可以转化为对知识意义及知识组织(或结构)的视觉表征。以此界定作为知识分类依据,借助于文献分析法,从知识维度(认知、技能和情感)及其两个属性维度(意义单元大小、知识组织结构)进行划分,指出了知识之间关系的立体型、层次性、犬牙交错性和意义单元的大小不一性,构建了知识分类的水立方模型,作为本课题研究基础。其次,在“表征工具”层面：以“知识定义”的两个方面,作为挖掘视觉符号的结构优势特点的依据：双层结构(意义与形式),并借助于符号分析法,指出视觉符号借助于编码与创意等形成视觉符号的双重功能：“意义生成”与“意义组织”,还包括意义创新。从而避免了只能抓住图形或图像等形而下层面的盲人摸象特征,从形而上的“视觉符号”层面把握图形和图像构建的工具体系,为知识视觉表征提供支持。再次,在“表征机制和策略”层面：以“知识定义”的两个方面,作为表征机制与策略的两大影响因素；指出简化的知识视觉表征机制,只考虑表征内容和工具,是外部表征,意为：借用视觉符号对意义及其组织的封装与阐释；但视觉表征的价值在于知识传递和建构。所以,传者对自己大脑中知识(尤其是隐性知识)挖掘和受者认知心理加工等必须要纳入考虑范畴,知识视觉表征现实层面的机制就转变为：内外部表征的转化,从而引入知识视觉表征的第三大因素：信息加工的“认知负荷”。而这也是隐性知识形成的三大因素：深层次的意义、复杂的组织结构和认知负荷的限制。由此,便得出隐性知识挖掘与知识视觉表征的原理——消解这三大因素的不利影响。同时,知识创新也可以被理解为“产生新的意义或形成新的组织”,由此提出创新思维培养步骤,及基于此步骤的知识视觉表征原理。根据这些原理,文章提出了相应的系列表征策略,每个策略又表现为具体不同的方法,这些方法成为接下来的知识分类三大领域论述的方法体系。最后,在“表征方法体系”层面：论文分别从知识分类的三大领域,依据“知识定义”及认知负荷,结合知识的学与教策略,有针对性地提出了视觉表征设计要领和系列方法。尤其是为促进陈述性知识向程序性知识转变,而依据认知技能的思维适应性控制理论(ACT),提出了认知技能的视觉表征方法体系；以及针对情感领域的特殊性,参照知识的界定,从符号学的视角分析了情感产生的心理机制(即其结构)：非推理逻辑可感表达式；并采用视觉符号的“双层结构”,在“结构形式层面”上,让学习者感悟与体验情感,在“意义层面”引导学习者进行价值判断,实践符号实践本体理念。结尾部分,论文把每种知识类型的视觉表征方法体系,与知识分类的水立方模型对应起来,构建出了“知识分类视觉表征方法体系的水立方模型”。更多还原

【Abstract】 The era of visual literacy, and the change of technologies, tools and culture is the characteristic of our social. Beyond the Semiological Study of Instruction Noumenon, Semiological Practice of Instruction Noumenon is coming to the stage of education field. Therefore,"reading pictures" and "Knowledge Visual Representation (KVR)" are becoming the internal need in the field of education, and the KVR is the way to realize Knowledge Visualization (KV). My research focuses on three functions:the visual representation (VR) of emotion, cultivation of innovative thinking and tacit knowledge mining. The current domestic and other countries KV is mainly limited to the theory and method in this field of enterprise knowledge management, this paper achieved a breakthrough in this field, in order to construct theory system of education field about KVR and the methods framework of KVR based on knowledge classification.Based on the problem analysis of the current KV research as "starting point for this research", symbol is "combination point for this research" of KVR between "symbol meaning" of knowledge and "symbol form" of visual media, and the knowledge definition from the perspective of semiotics is "entry point for this research" and "the research clues" through the discussion of all aspects of this research, and is the basis of the definitions of many core concepts and research problem in this paper.Firstly, in the Representation Content Level. The conception of "knowledge" is defined from semiotics as two aspects:the significance/meaning and organization (structure/form). The research pointed out that KVR in essence is the VR of significance of knowledge and knowledge organization (structure) visualization. According to this definition as a basis of classification knowledge, and by means of literature analysis method, from the dimension of knowledge (Cognition, Skill and Motion) and the other two dimensions (meaning size and structure), we put forward the relationship of "cubic","hierarchy","interlocking" and "different size" among different knowledge, and constructed the water-cube model of knowledge classification as the foundation of KVR.Secondly, in the Representation Tools Level. We mined the structure advantage of visual symbols on the basis of "two aspects of knowledge definition":bilayer structure (meaning and form). And by symbolic analysis, it is pointed out that the visual symbol by encoding and creative form the dual function of visual symbols:"meaning generation" and "meaning organization", also including meaning innovation. In order to avoid only grasping the graphics or images on the basis of one-sided viewpoint character level, tool system building by the graphics and images which were grasped from the metaphysical "visual symbols" level provide support for knowledge visual representation. Thirdly, in the Representation Mechanisms and Strategies Level. Two aspects of knowledge definition is the basis on the two major influence factors of KVR mechanisms and strategies. It point out that the KVR mechanisms are simplified when we only consider the characterization of content and tools, and is the external representation, and means:meaning package and interpretation on the basis of visual symbols; but the value of KVR lies in the knowledge transfer and construction.So the research combined the consideration of "knowledge in communicator mind" and "information processing in audience mind" together and proposed that KVR is a kind of transfer mechanism transferred from the internal mental representation to external visual representation, which is also the real nature of KVR. So the third factor of KVR, which is cognitive load, is introduced into this research.Thus, this study obtains the principle of tacit knowledge mining and KVR is to eliminate the disadvantageous influence of these three factors. At the same time, the knowledge innovation can also be understood as "forming new meaning or organization" Thus this paper proposed training steps of creative thinking and principles of KVR according to these steps. And then according to these principles, this paper put forward a series of representation strategies accordingly, and each strategy represent different methods, these methods become the method system based on knowledge classification in the following three chapters.Finally, in the Representation Method System Level. This paper, from the three fields of knowledge classification, based on the definition of knowledge and the cognitive load, combination of knowledge learning and teaching strategies, put forward the design essentials and methods of KVR. Especially for the promotion of declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge, based on the theory of Adaptive Control of Thought (ACT) of cognitive skills, this paper brought forward the systemic VR methods of cognitive skills. And according to the particularity of the motion domain, on the basis of the definition of knowledge, from the perspective of semiotics, this paper analyzed the psychological mechanism of emotions (that is its structure) non-deductive logic sense expression; and we use the bilayer structure of visual symbol, in the structure level, and let learners perception and experience of emotion; moreover, in the meaning level, let the value judgment to guide the learners to practice idea of Semiological Practice of Instruction Noumenon.In conclude, based on the correspondence visual representation method system of knowledge classification and water-cube model of knowledge classification, this paper designed a "water-cube model of VR of knowledge classification"更多还原