文化视域下马克思主义在中国的早期传播与发展

【作者】 尹德树；

【导师】 文晓明；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文立足马克思主义中国化的文化维度,从文化传播、文化选择、文化融合和文化创新四个递进的文化层面,以新民主主义的中国新文化的创建历史考察为主,兼顾逻辑论证,为马克思主义在中国的早期传播与发展构建了一个新的研究视域,即文化视域。从文化视域看：第一,马克思主义中国化具有文化属性。马克思主义中国化既是一个过程,也是中国化的成果,不论过程还是成果,都包含着鲜明的文化特征,具有典型的文化属性。第二,马克思主义是在文化传播、文化选择、文化融合和文化创新这样一个呈递进关系的文化逻辑框架内,完成其早期中国化历史进程的。第三,在研究马克思主义和中国传统文化相融合的重大问题中,不能简单僵化地对两者进行比附,为了“契合”去找证据,而应该从二者共有的文化精神实质出发,分析它们走向融合的可能性。第四,新民主主义文化思想具有完整的哲学逻辑体系,它的形成使中国文化走出了中国近代文化选择的“两难”境地,为中国文化的发展确立了基本方向,实现了中国文化发展的历史性超越。传播与选择是马克思主义中国化文化维度展开的逻辑起点。中国进入近代以来,传统文化观念的封闭保守和落后,已经成为中国近代社会转型最大的障碍,即使到了鸦片战争之后,民族危机日益严重之时,中国思想界还在拘泥于“夷夏之辨”和“体用之争”中。先进的中国人正是看到了中国的落后根子就是思想观念的落后之后,才义无反顾地举起了“民主”和“科学”的大旗,在中国掀起了反对封建传统文化的资产阶级文化启蒙的新文化运动。伴随着上世纪初的文化激荡,马克思主义开始传入中国,其思想的科学性与合理性,特别是满足了中国救亡图存的现实需要,使先进的中国人选择并接受了马克思主义。中国共产党人选择了马克思主义,并以其为指导创立了民族的、科学的、大众的新民主主义文化后,中国的革命与社会建设才在这种新文化的引领下,一步一步走向了胜利和辉煌。融合与转化是马克思主义中国化文化维度展开的关键环节。相对于中国文化来讲,马克思主义属于异质文化的一种,马克思主义要想成为中国革命和建设的指导思想,并被广大人民所接受,就必须同中国文化传统相结合,同中国革命和建设的具体实践相结合,解决中国的具体问题,具有中华民族文化的气质,这就是文化的融合与转化。突破与创新是马克思主义中国化文化维度展开的理论走向。唯物辩证法关于事物是运动和发展的观点,是毛泽东考察中国文化发展遵循的最基本原则。既然世界上没有一种东西是一成不变的,那么不论是马克思主义还是中国传统文化,都是处在运动和发展中的,敢于破旧立新,不断地推陈出新是马克思主义中国化文化维度展开的理论走向。新民主主义文化思想体系的构建,为当今中国特色社会主义文化建设提供了宝贵的历史经验。新民主主义文化建设和中国特色社会主义文化建设相距近百年,但是我们毫不怀疑两种文化都代表了当时中国先进文化的发展方向,都具有先进文化共有的文化品质,可以说中国特色社会主义文化理论是对新民主主义文化理论的传承与创新,新民主主义文化的许多立场、观点和方法,至今仍对中国共产党的文化建设有着巨大的启示作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Taking a cultural angle of the sinicized Marxism, this article constructs a brand new view of research, namely a cultural view, for the early spreading and development of Marxism in China. Comprising four progressive aspects, which are cultural spreading, selecting, blending and creating, this article focuses on a historical investigation of the founding of new Chinese culture, with logic argumentation included.Seeing from the cultural view:Firstly, the sinicization of Marxism has its cultural nature. The sinicization of Marxism was not only a process, but also a result. Either has vivid cultural features and typical cultural natures. Secondly, Marxism finished its early historical process within a cultural and logic framework of four progressive stages, namely spreading, selection, blending and creation. Thirdly, when studying the blending of Marxism and traditional Chinese culture, we should not make comparisons simply and rigescently, or seek proofs only for agreement. Instead, we should analyze the possibility of their blending by considering their common cultural spirits. Fourthly, the new democratic cultural thoughts have a complete philosophical and logical system. Its form enabled modern Chinese culture to get out of a dilemma of selection, set the direction for, and helped realize a historical transcendence of modern Chinese culture.Spreading and selecting is the logic starting point of the sinicization. In China’s early modern period, the closeness, conservativeness and backwardness of traditional cultural ideas had become the biggest barrier to the social transition of China. Even after the Opium War when the national crisis was more and more serious, the Chinese realms of thoughts were still lost in argumentations of conflicting ideas. Chinese people with advanced ideas realized that the root of China’s backwardness lied in the backwardness of thoughts, thus they put up the banners of democracy and science, and started the large-scale anti-feudal New Culture Movement. Accompanied by the cultural stirring of last century, Marxism started to be spreading in China. Its scientific and rational thoughts satisfied China’s requirement of self-saving and survival. Advanced Chinese people selected and accepted Marxism. The Chinese communist party selected Marxism and founded the national, scientific and public new democratic culture. It was under the guidance of this new culture that the Chinese revolution and socialist construction moved step by step to victory and splendidness. Blending and transiting was the critical part of the sinicization of Marxism in China. Compared to the Chinese culture, Marxism was an overseas culture, therefore if it were to become the guiding thought of the Chinese revolution and construction, and to be accepted by the Chinese people, it got to be blended with the traditional Chinese culture, with the practice of Chinese revolution and construction, and to solve the problems of China, to have the disposition of the Chinese national culture. Breakthrough and creation was the theoretical direction of the sinicization of Marxism in China. The view of motion and development by the materialistic dialectics was also the basic principle for Mao Zedong to investigate the development of Chinese culture. Since nothing in the world remains unchanged, both Marxism and Chinese culture are always in motion and development. Breakthrough and creation was the theoretical direction of the sinicization of Marxism in China.The construction of the new democratic cultural thoughts provided the socialist cultural construction with precious history experience. The new democratic cultural construction and the Chinese socialist cultural construction are almost a century apart, but we have no doubt that both of them represented the developing direction of the then Chinese advanced culture, and both had the common cultural disposition of the advanced cultures. It is safe to say that the Chinese socialist cultural theory was an inheriting and creating of the new democratic culture. Many standpoints, viewpoints and approaches of the new democratic culture still have remarkable inspirations for our cultural construction today.更多还原