【作者】 雷志华；

【导师】 高策；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 科学技术史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 五石在汉代典籍中常常被提到,在考古发掘中也屡有出土。本文以五石为研究对象,使用二重证据、数量统计、模拟实验和田野调查的方法进行了较为深入、系统的研究。论文主要回答了以下几个问题：五石是什么,用来做什么,为什么这么做,产生了什么影响。首先,本文从传世文献和出土材料两个方面对汉代五石所指进行了考证；其次,考察了五石在汉代砷铜冶炼、铅玻璃炼制以及炼丹术和医药中的使用情况；再次,依据消炼五石的记载进行了模拟实验；最后,对五石的源流及其对汉代社会的影响进行了考察。本文认为五石在汉代有明确所指,即是雄黄、曾青、丹砂、磐石、磁石五种矿石。用五石铸造的器物可归为两类：砷铜器和玻璃器。用五石炼制的威斗和阳燧是砷铜合金,而用五石炼制的方诸是铅玻璃。汉代炼丹术士推崇矿物药,认为服食这些矿物药炼制的神丹可以达到长生不死之目的。五石是汉代炼丹术士很钟爱的炼丹原料,在炼丹实践中被频繁地使用。五石本身也是药石,在医药中也很受重视。五石与五色、五方等早期五行思想有很紧密的关系,在我国可能有很早的起源。根据《汉书》、《论衡》和《抱朴子内篇》等典籍的记载,本文使用矿石原料,利用传统冶炼方法进行了消炼五石的模拟实验,实验得到了合金和玻璃状物质两种产物,与古文献记载相吻合。模拟实验表明消炼五石是中国早期炼制砷铜和铅玻璃的工艺,证实了20世纪90年代赵匡华先生关于汉代PbO-SiO2体系玻璃的制作是利用了金属铅制造的黄丹和铅丹为原料的推断。本文通过对五石在汉代砷铜冶炼、玻璃炼制、炼丹术和医药以及墓葬中的使用情况的综合考察,揭示了汉代铅玻璃冶炼技术和砷铜冶金技术的紧密关系,找到了迄今所知最早的关于砷铜冶炼和玻璃制作具体工艺的记载,为相关研究提供了新的参考资料,论证了五石在复杂的文化背景下,对汉代社会产生了广泛而深远的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wushi (Five kinds of stones) is often mentioned in the literature of the Han Dynasty and seen in unearthed relics. Using the methods of double-evidence, mathematical statistics, simulation experiment and field-work, here we make a systematic research on Wushi. In this thesis, we mainly answer the following questions:What is Wushi? What is it used for? What is the purpose of using it and what is the social effect of it?Firstly, we demonstrate the referent of the Wushi from literature and the unearthed relics. Secondly, we carry out a research on the use of Wushi in arsenic bronze smelting, lead glass smelting, alchemy and medicine in the Han Dynasty. Thirdly, simulation experiments are carried out according to the literature. Finally, we investigate the origin of Wushi and its influence on the Han society.We suggest that Wushi has definite referents, namely realgar, azurite, cinnabar, arsenopyrite and magnetite. The products of smelting Wushi can be classified into two types:arsenic bronze and glass. Weidou and Yangsui are arsenic copper alloy, while Fangzhu is lead glass. Han alchemists were fascinated by mineral drugs. And they thought that the alchemic pills refined from mineral drugs can make people immortal. Wushi was alchemists’ favourite materials and been frequently used in alchemic practices. Wushi are also drugs and taken seriously in the medicine. The intimate association between Wushi and the early Five Elements Thought (five colours, five directions, etc.) shows that Wushi may have a very early origin.Using raw ores, we make simulation experiments according to the traditional methods recorded in the literature. The simulation experiments indicate that the process represents the early technology of arsenic bronze and lead glass smelting. It validates professor Zhao Kuanghua’s conclusion that two main kinds of the raw materials in the process of Han PbO-SiO2glass-smelting are lead oxide and lead tetroxide made by pure lead. On the base of the comprehensive discussions of Wushi in arsenic bronze smelting, glass smelting, alchemy, medicine and graves in the Han Dynasty, this thesis reveals the close relationship between lead glass smelting and arsenic bronze smelting in the Han Dynasty, finds out the earliest process for the smelting of lead glass and arsenic bronze, and provides suggestions for related researches. Furthermore, this thesis demonstrates that Wushi, under the complex cultural background, had a wide and deep influence on the society of the Han Dynasty.更多还原