从清末民国的西北史地学看学人的边疆观与民族观

【作者】 李倩；

【导师】 高翠莲；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 专门史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 本文以历史的演进嬗变为纵线,通过对清末、民初及南京国民政府时期西北史地学发展概况的梳理,体现19世纪末至20世纪上半期西北史地学的发展脉络及所取得的的成就。进而深入探究这一时段西北史地学不同发展状况的成因、西北史地学研究内容的变化、西北史地学研究所体现出来的学人的边疆观与民族观的发展演变及其与中国近代疆域属性转型之间的互动关系,以期从一个侧面深入了解中国近代变迁的历程。全文共分绪论、正文(共三章)、结语以及附录等几部分。绪论主要阐述本文的选题目的及意义,介绍相关研究成果与研究现状,研究方法与创新点等。第一章以清末西北史地学为主要研究内容。本章共分三个部分,首先,分析影响清末西北史地学发展的重要因素；其次,介绍西北史地学的发展概况；第三,阐述西北史地学研究体现出来的学人的边疆观与民族观。本章认为,清末西北边疆形势严峻,大量国外考察者进入西北地区,根据自己的需要对西北地区的主权、疆域进行解释。我国传统的边疆统治方式、边疆观念受到西方民族国家边疆观念的强烈冲击,中国传统夷夏之防的民族观念也发生了变化。这些巨大的的挑战引发了西北史地学研究回应性与经世性的研究高潮。第二章主要介绍北洋政府时期西北史地学的发展状况。此时的西北史地学并没有延续清末光宣时期的繁荣发展,而是转入发展的低潮期,并没有取得太大的成就。民国的成立,使中国开始由帝制王朝国家向近代民族国家转变。人们的边疆观念发生了变化,从地理意义上的边疆、文化意义上的边疆向政治意义上、民族国家框架下的边疆意识转变。人们对边疆各民族的认识,也逐渐由中国内部陌生、异样的文化族类群体,向国家意义上的同胞转变,甚至将以往的“边民”视为中华民族的共同成员。第三章介绍南京国民政府时期(至抗日战争结束)的西北史地学。这一时期,“九·一八”事变和抗日战争的爆发是影响西北史地学发展的两个重要因素。“九·一八”事变前西北边疆危机已普遍出现,“九·一八”事变后,西北形势日益恶化,出现了近代以来西北史地研究的第二次高潮。表现在政府对西北的重视、研究团体和刊物的涌现、西北实地考察活动的增加、西北地区旅行行记的大量发行等方面。此时的西北史地研究者除了论述西北地区的重要性外,更多关注的是如何建设西北地区,把西北地区构建为中华民国的一部分。抗日战争爆发是影响西北史地发展的又一因素,西北地区被政府列为抗日战争的后方基地,地位不断提升,促使西北史地学向纵深方向发展,形成一门新学科----边政学。此时西北史地学者在研究中所表现出来边疆观与民族观进一步深化,其研究改变了人们对西北的认知,客观上推动了西北社会近代变迁的历程。结语部分,主要对清末民国时期西北史地学的发展脉络进行整理,从其发展历程来分析每一时期西北史地学研究所反映出的学人的边疆观与民族观,从一个侧面窥探近代中国疆域转型的形态以及中华民族的形成与形态。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation takes the historical evolution as the vertical line to reviews the development of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China during the end of the Qing Dynasty, Early Republic of China and Nanjing National Government Period. It summarizes the development process and achievements in the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China from the end of19th century to the early half of the20th century. Then, it probes into the causes that lead to different development situations of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China, the changes of research contents of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China, as well as the developments and evolutions of the frontier viewpoints, ethnological viewpoints of the History and Geography scholars and its interaction with the transformation of the modern territoriality of China that reflected in the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China.This dissertation includes an instruction, the main contents consists of three chapters, a conclusion and the appendices.The introduction section describes the purpose and significance of the topic, relevant research achievements and current status, research methods and innovation of this dissertation. Chapter one mainly researches on the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China at the end of Qing Dynasty. This chapter is divided into three parts. At first, it analyzes the important factors that affect the development of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China at the end of Qing Dynasty. Secondly, it introduces the development overview of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. Thirdly, it describes the frontier viewpoints and ethnological viewpoints of History and Geography scholars that exhibited in the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. This chapter presents the severe situation of the Northwest Frontier at the end of Qing dynasty. A large number of foreign explorers swarmed into the Northwest Area, they interpreted the sovereignty and territory of the Northwest area according to their needs. Chinese traditional frontier governing rule, frontier viewpoint were strongly impacted by western nation-state frontier viewpoint. Chinese traditional ethnological viewpoint of defense Chinese against Barbarian had changed. These great challenges initiated a research climax in the responsiveness and application of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China.The second chapter mainly introduces the development situation of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China during the Northern Warlords Government period. the prosperous study of the history and geography in Guangxu and Xuantong years did not continues to prosper, but fell into a depression period, and it did not achieved much success. The foundation of the Republic of China brought about china from imperial country to the modern nation-state. The frontier viewpoint of the History and Geography scholars began to Change. Frontier in geographical sense or cultural significance changed into frontier in political sense, the frontier under the framework of the nation-state. People changed their attitude towards the ethnic minority people in the frontier, and even treated the "frontier residents" as a common member of the Chinese nation.The third Chapter introduces the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China during the Nanjing National Government Period (to the end of the Anti-Japanese War). During this period, the "9·18" incident and the outbreak of the the Anti-Japanese War were the two important factors that affected the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. Before the "9·18" incident, the Northwest Frontier crisis had emerged. After the "9·18"incident, with the deterioration of the Northwest situation, the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China arrived to a second climax. The government paid more attention to the Northwest, relevant research institutions and publications sprang up, investigation activities in the Northwest were increasing, a large number of traveling diaries were published. At that time, the most popular topic was to discuss the importance of the Northwest area, and to propose some feasible suggestions for the development of the Northwest. The outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War is another factor that affects the development of the Study of the History and Geography of Northwest China. The role of the Northwest area was enhanced as the government took it as the rear base of the Anti-Japanese War. These promote the development of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China, and a new discipline-Frontier Politics has formed. The researchers strengthened the frontier viewpoint and the ethnological viewpoint, their research changed the Chinese citizens awareness of the Northwest area, thus promote the social change process in that area.The conclusion section summarizes the development process of the Study of History and Geography of Northwest China between the end of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China period. And it analyzes people’s frontier viewpoint and ethnological viewpoint that reflected in the study of history and geography of Northwest area in different periods. And it probes the transformation and conformation of modern Chinese territory, as well as the formation and conformation of the Chinese Nation.更多还原