六朝隐逸诗研究

【作者】 高智；

【导师】 曹旭；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 中国古典文献学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 六朝是中国隐逸文化发展的一个高峰，也是隐逸诗创作的一个黄金时期。本文研究六朝隐逸诗，从隐逸诗学产生的文化源头开始。隐逸思想是源，隐逸诗歌是流。隐逸思想对中国文学主体精神产生影响主要在于价值理念、行为方式等。隐逸思想所设计的解脱之道，拓展了人生的路径。儒家的待时进取与道家的遗世独立，在思想上文化上都有其重要意义，都可以作为人生路径的参照。隐逸思想对隐逸诗歌产生的影响是多方面的，一方面，隐逸思想为隐逸诗歌提供了任性逍遥的想象空间，并产生极大的幻想成分，渗入道家仙化元素，与游仙契合，仙隐合流。另一方面，隐逸与山水结合，引导复归自然之道，外化的自然山水与内在的情性相结合，在自然中体道复性。隐逸诗发轫于先秦，先秦两汉隐逸诗和政治伦理道德关系紧密。《诗经》中一些诗歌已经包含了隐逸思想，诗中一些重要的意象成为后代隐逸诗常用的隐逸文化符号。两汉隐逸诗的题材主要是吟咏古代的隐士，借隐士逆时而动，显示儒家独善其身的价值观念。汉末隐风盛行，五言诗兴起，隐逸诗创作开始普遍出现。六朝隐逸诗是特定历史时期的产物，具有鲜明的时代特征。曹魏易代，正始文学阮籍、嵇康等人，用隐逸诗来超越现实，摆脱困境，努力唤起士人的自我意识和作为人的尊严感。西晋有短暂统一的承平气象，儒家的积极入世成为士人普遍的价值追求，皇族奢侈淫逸的生活，贵族夸糜斗富的行径，极大地影响了依附门阀的文士的精神风貌。西晋儒学兴起，但玄学影响犹在，隐逸之风并未消退，特别是竹林七贤的影响很大，繁缛华美的崇儒诗风与返朴求真的隐逸诗并行不悖，是西晋士人朝隐与道隐矛盾心理的反映。这一时期隐逸诗主要表现为朝隐与道隐的矛盾及其调和，士人一方面汲汲于功名富贵，难以舍弃奢华的现实生活；另一方面则对世乱无常怀有畏惧之情。从正始到太康，陆机、潘岳、左思等人隐逸诗的内容广泛，表现形式趋于多元化。东晋隐逸诗创作表现出四方面的特色，其一是隐逸与山水结合；其二是玄言对隐逸诗的影响；其三是隐逸与田园的交融；最后是在西晋佛隐合流的基础上，佛隐诗大量出现。诗僧创作隐逸诗开始成为新的气象。东晋隐逸诗研究的一个重点围绕陶渊明展开，陶渊明开辟了一条将隐逸生活艺术化的道路，陶渊明用他的诗歌创作，引领了隐逸诗形式上重大变革，转变为具有丰富内涵的表达，这是他对中国隐逸诗学的重大贡献。陶渊明隐逸是种特殊的形态，东晋隐士，多求佛觅道，而陶渊明与佛、道关系疏离；他拒入庐山莲社，自觉与其他隐士保持距离，不以隐士自况；陶渊明隐逸诗也多为“农家语”，隐逸诗少“隐”重“逸”，多是一种心境旷放，人生艺术化的表达。晋宋之交，诗歌创作开始出现重大变化，就首先表现隐逸诗题材，继续向山水转变。隐逸诗也逐渐摆脱玄言的说理桎梏，开始接近山水形象美质。隐逸与山水的结合，注重对人生美学意义上的思考。隐逸诗的这种题材的转变，标志着人对自然美的认识加深了，自然已经从作为陪衬的生活环境或作为比兴的媒介，变成具有独立审美价值的欣赏对象。隐居不再是逃避现实的苦难的生活，而是多有诗意盎然艺术化的生活情趣。齐梁之际，隐逸诗创作又出现一些新的情况，文学集团对隐逸诗创作产生了较大影响。萧氏家族隐逸思想与隐逸诗创作的关联紧密，齐萧子良集团“竟陵八友”，梁萧衍、萧统、萧纲文学集团创作了数量不少的隐逸诗。萧统《文选》首辟“隐逸诗”，《文选》的体例也对后世总集的编纂产生了极大影响，这些对于隐逸诗的发展具有开创性的意义。齐代是新诗体形成的重要时期，永明体是沈约、谢朓等人对古诗体的重大改革，对隐逸诗创作产生了很大影响。齐梁隐逸诗无论是在内容还是形式上都发生了较大的变化。首先在内容上，此前隐逸诗中常以隐士典故入题，齐梁隐逸诗较少再搬历史上的隐士故事，转而写友谊亲情，写佛院道观，写田园风光，大大拓展了隐逸诗的内容；形式上受永明体影响，讲究声律和对偶，诗歌更具音乐美。沈约等人在诗歌形式上的变革，增加了诗歌的艺术美感和表达效果。齐代隐逸诗常通过对山水景物的客观描摹，抒发隐逸意旨，自然景观的意象多样性，可用语言词汇就特别多，图画生动，音调和畅，增加了隐逸诗歌艺术感染力。陈代的隐逸诗创作主体主要有两类：一为沈炯、周弘正为首的文人隐士集团；另一类创作群体，仍以僧人为主。齐梁以后隐逸诗创作和佛教结合更为紧密，这一时期隐逸诗主题，多写文人与僧人交往，僧人创作的隐逸诗，渐渐成为隐逸诗创作的主要形式。这类隐逸诗的特点是大多以山寺、花草、林木入题，写灵山秀水，写隐居的清幽静穆，在对自然景物的绘形刻画之中，阐发佛理。北朝隐逸诗创作群体，多为南朝北迁的文人，以王褒、庾信等人为代表。庾信是北朝隐逸诗集大成者，他为隐逸诗歌题材的改变和形式上的变革，作出了很大贡献。他以农事入诗，选择自然清新物象，描写平凡而又生动的劳作，表现日常生活的情趣。他的隐逸诗作，善于融情于景，景物描写精妙，语言优美，表现出高超的作诗技巧，在隐逸诗歌史上有独特的地位。更多还原

【Abstract】 There is a peak of Chinese reclusive culture in the Six Dynasties, which is agolden age of recluse poems creation too. In this thesis,if we study the recluse poemsin the Six Dynasties, we should start from the source of poetics of culture. Reclusion isthe source, recluse poems is a stream, Reclusion had an impact on Chineseliterature,which mainly lies in the value idea, behavior, etc.Reclusion designed a wayof relieve pain, which expaned the way of life. The waiting idea of Confucian and faraway from the society of Taoist, has great influenced on ideological culture, that can belooked as a reference about how to choice the way of life.The reclusion impacts on recluse poems is various, on the one hand, reclusionprovides a free imagination of recluse poems and generate great fantasy elements,infiltration Taoist elements, combined with the fairy, fairy and reclusion confluencedtogether. on the other hand, reclusion combined with landscape,which leads the way tothe nature, both the external natural landscape and the inner feelings combinetogether,that can experience the life in nature.Recluse poems originated in the Pre-Chin Period, recluse poems in the Pre-qinand Han Dynasty connected political ethics closely. During this period. Some poems ofThe Book of Songs already contained reclusive thought, some important Image inpoems became the culture of the recluse poems symbols. The theme of recluse poemsin Han Dynasty mainly praised ancient hermit. which displayed the values of Confucianculture. In late Han Dynasty,WuYan poems appeared, so recluse poems began toappear widely.Recluse poems in the Six Dynasties is the production of specific historical period,which has the distinct characteristics of era. Dynasty changes, Zhengshi literatureinclude Yuanji, Jikang and others, in cruel sense for political struggle and worry. reclusepoems are looked as a way to transcend reality, they try to awaken the intellectuals ofself-consciousness and dignity. There is a briefly peace in Western Jin, Confucianpositive action became common value pursuit. The luxury life of Noble, greatlyinfluenced the spirit of intellectuals. In Western Jin Confucianism began to rise, at thesame time,metaphysics still have a significant influence; and also in culture ofreclutive, especially Seven Hermits in the Bamboo Grove. The Colorful style andsimple recluse poems existed together, the scholars at the king’s court and the Taoist hermit in Western Jin are reflection of ambivalence. Recluse poems mainly reflected incontradiction and harmony, gentry on the one hand, immersed in fame, riche life isdifficult to give up; On the other hand, the scholars are afraid of the disaster. The formof recluse poems of Luji, Panyue, Zuosi is becoming more and more rich fromZhengshi period toTaikang period.Eastern Jin recluse poems has four characteristics, on the one hand, it combineswith landscape; Secondly it is affected by metaphysics; third it is Combined withpastoral poetry; Finally buddhist recluse poems emerged in the Eestern Jin, The monkrecluse poems became a new trend.Recluse poems research revolves aroundTaoyuanming,this is a key point. Tao yuanming opened up a way artistry life in hispoetry creation. He led to big change about reclusion poetry form, turned into theexpression of rich connotation, this is a significant contribution to Chinese reclusepoems. Tao yuanming’ solitude is a kind of special form.Tao yuanming is not in thetraditional sense of the "hermit", he refused to join the Lushan mountain hermit group,consciously keeped distance with the hermit,compared with the Six Dynasties famoushermit, he did not claim to be hermits, his poems took notes mostly by farmers favoritelanguage. Tao yuanming reclusion poetry less is seclusion, more is to relax, his poetryis a perfect artistic expression of life, reflected his slef-satisfied mood.Between Eastern Jin and Song Dynasty, poetry creation began a major change,this change first is recluse poems subjects, mainly to the landscape change. Reclusepoems also got rid of the limit of reasoning, gradually close to the beauty of thelandscape. Reclusion and with the combination of attention to the aesthetic sense of life.Recluse poems changed in subject matter, marked the people to know a lot more naturalbeauty. Nature has gone from life as a foil environment, become an independentaesthetic value of the object. Seclusion is no longer a suffering life, but is a poeticartistic life.From Qi Dynasty to Liang Dynasty, recluse poems appeared some new situation,literary group has a great influence on recluse poems creation, the Xiao familyreclusive thought has close relate to the reclusive poetry creation, Xiao Ziliang groupincluded JingLing eight friends.Xiao yan, Xiao tong group, Xiao gang wrote quite afew number of recluse poems. Xiao tong first collected "reclusion poetry", the editor ofthe method had a great influence to future generations, these for recluse poemsdevelopment has pioneering significance influence. Qi Dynasty is an important period of the new verse form,"Yong Ming" is onesignificant reform of ancient poetry led by Shenyao, Xietiao,whch has great influenceon recluse poems creation, the recluse poems in Qi Dynasty and Liang Dynasty in bothcontent and form are changing greatly. First in terms of content, recluse poems beforeoften tell the story of the hermit, in this time reclusion poetry less to write hermit stories,wrote about a family love, friendship,Taoist temple, pastoral scenery, and so on, thisgreatly expanded the reclusion of content; Form affected by "Yong Ming", exquisitemelody and duality, more music beauty, form changed, increase the art of poetryaesthetic feeling and expression effect. His recluse poems generations through thedepiction of landscape scenery, express themes, reclusive image is varied, richvocabulary, combined into perfect pictures, tone is harmonious, increased the appeal ofrecluse poems.Recluse poems in Cheng Dynasty mainly has two kinds: one is represented byShenjiong, Zhou Hongzheng; Another type of recluse poems, give priority to the monks.after the more closely the recluse poems creation and Buddhism, amidst hidden poemtheme during this period, more than writing scholars associate with monks, monksreclusive poetry creation, gradually became the main content,this kind of reclusionpoetry is characterized mostly by mountains,temples, plants and trees into the topic, thebeauty of the scenery, quiet environment, in the depiction of natural scenery andbuddhist.North Dynasty recluse poems, represented by Wang Bao and Yu Xin,whichmostly in the migration of the literati, Yu Xin is a representative of recluse poems inNorth Dynasty, he made a great contribution to change the form. He Integrated thefeelings into the scenery, descripted the scenery brilliantly, wrote with exquisitelanguage, showed excellent poetry skills,in a word,he has a unique position in history.更多还原