中华鲟繁殖的关键环境因子及适宜性研究

【作者】 骆辉煌；

【导师】 廖文根； 李翀；

【作者基本信息】 中国水利水电科学研究院 ， 水环境学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 论文通过文献检索和资料收集,较为系统地总结了前人对中华鲟繁殖活动的生态水文、水力学需求研究成果。在前人研究的基础上,选取屏山水文站为典型中华鲟历史产卵场(金堆子、偏岩子和三块石)的代表性水文站,宜昌水文站为中华鲟葛洲坝产卵场代表性水文站,论文采用屏山水文站(1956-1980)和宜昌水文站(1983-2012)实测水文数据,基于中华鲟历史产卵场和葛洲坝产卵场的繁殖活动调查与监测数据,根据统计学方法,对比分析了中华鲟历史产卵场和葛洲坝产卵场产卵时的水位、流量、水温和泥沙含量条件,并讨论了中华鲟在繁殖年度内性腺发育可能需要的有效积温。论文根据实际地形数据,建立了葛洲坝中华鲟产卵场三维水动力数学模型,以2004年11月份产卵场实测流场率定和验证了产卵场三维水动力数学模型参数。根据葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场1988-2010年51次中华鲟栖息位置的监测数据,采用三维水动力数学模型复原了历次监测活动时中华鲟产卵场流场,提取了中华鲟栖息位置的水动力特征,根据统计学方法,提出了中华鲟栖息的流速、水深、佛汝德数适宜曲线及适宜面积,提出了中华鲟适宜的生态流量。论文根据实际地形数据建立了三峡水库立面二维水温模型,并经实测数据率定和验证了模型主要参数。采用产卵场三维水动力数学模型和三峡库区水温模型,分析了三峡工程运行对中华鲟繁殖的水动力和水温条件影响。结合三峡水库立面二维水温模型,探讨了三峡工程运行后中华鲟繁殖活动推迟的原因。讨论了不同水文因子在中华鲟繁殖活动中的影响作用。本论文的主要研究成果为：1、中华鲟繁殖活动的水文过程需求并不明确在葛洲坝产卵场,中华鲟产卵活动发生时,较适宜的水位范围为40.05-46.17m,较适宜的流量范围为7000-16000m3/s,较适宜的泥沙含量为0.095-0.638kg/m3,较适宜的17.9-20.9℃。然后根据对中华鲟历史产卵场和现存产卵场水文数据分析,中华鲟产卵日虽处于历年10月份后退水过程中。但是,通过产卵日与前一日水文数据的分析比较,发现水位、流量、水温和泥沙含量下降的趋势并不明显。有的产卵日水位、流量、水温和泥沙含量处于上升过程,有的产卵日处于下降过程。2、不同水文因子在中华鲟繁殖活动中具有不同的作用。根据对中华鲟历史数据的分析,各水文指标中,水温决定了中华鲟产卵的时间季节,水位、流量决定了中华产卵的具体时间。然而,在三峡水库蓄水后,受水库“滞温效应”的影响,水温因子变得难以满足,明显变成了影响中华鲟产卵时间的关键性因子,多数情况下,水位、流量条件较水温更容易满足。3、中华鲟成鱼从长江口进入干流后,其性腺发育有一定的水温积温需求。根据对葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场多次产卵活动繁殖年度内水温积温的分析,以13℃为性腺发育起始水温,三峡水库建成前,活动保温为5475±250℃·d,有效积温为2043±54℃·d；在三峡水库建库后,活动积温为6039±194℃·d,有效积温为2273±87℃·d。三峡水库建库后,受水库“滞温效应”影响,水温积温明显增加。4、中华鲟繁殖期有特定的生态流量需求。根据对监测中华鲟位置水动力特征的复原分析,中华鲟偏好栖息于流速较大、水深较深的位置。综合分析中华鲟偏好栖息环境及产卵规模与产卵流量的关系,推断出中华繁殖期适宜流量约为7000-16000m3/s,较佳的生态流量为9000-11000m3/s。5、中华鲟产卵具体时间可能与中华鲟性腺发育所需的有效积温有一定关系。通过研究发现,在2003-2009年期间中华鲟产卵日大部分处于达到有效积温2273℃·d前后5d内。根据当年的有效积温发展情况,可大致推断出当年的产卵时间。该发现可为中华鲟繁殖期生物监测及改善中华鲟繁殖条件的生态流调度提供支撑。本论文的主要主要创新点为：1、本研究综合分析了各主要环境因子对中华鲟繁殖活动的影响。研究各主要环境因子对中华鲟繁殖活动的影响,对于保护中华鲟、改善中华鲟繁殖的环境具有重要意义。本研究综合分析了在中华鲟原产卵场水文条件、葛洲坝产卵场三峡水库蓄水前后水文条件,揭示了不同地点、不同时期,各水文因子的中华鲟繁殖活动中所起的作用。2、本研究通过数学模型的方法推测了葛洲坝中华鲟繁殖活动推迟的原因。研究通过采用数学模型方法,分析了中华鲟繁殖活动推迟的原因。通过折算后中华鲟产卵日期序列统计特性的分析及中华鲟自然繁殖需求分析,认为尽管水温是中华鲟产卵繁殖的关键性因子,但它只是决定中华鲟产卵季节的上限和下限。金沙江下游及长江上游“退秋水”,是中华鲟产卵的一个主要诱因,其从长江上游因三峡水库滞缓而导致的输移到宜昌的时间后移,是造成三峡蓄水后中华鲟自然繁殖日期后移的一个主因。3、本研究通过数据分析,提出中华鲟繁殖活动所需的活动积温及有效积温及产卵日推断方法。研究通过数据分析,初步提出了中华鲟性腺发育所需的活动积温和有效积温,并由此推断出产卵日发生的大概日期。在三峡水库建库后,中华鲟繁殖年度有效积温为2273±87℃·d,中华鲟产卵日大部分处于达到有效积温2273℃·d前后5d内。由此可根据当年的有效积温发展情况,大致推断出当年的产卵时间。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper through the literature search and data collection, and systematically summarizes the Chinese sturgeon propagation activities of the ecological hydrology, hydraulics research results on demand. On the basis of previous studies, selection of Pingshan hydrological station is a typical Chinese sturgeon spawning ground (JinDuiZi, PianYanZi and SanKuanShi) representative hydrologic station, Yichang hydrological station for Chinese sturgeon spawning ground of Gezhouba Dam representative hydrological stations, the Pingshan hydrological station (1956-1980) and the Yichang hydrological station (1983-2012) measurement hydrological data, reproductive activity survey and monitoring data of Chinese sturgeon spawning and spawning ground of Gezhouba Dam history based on, according to the statistics, comparison and analysis of the Chinese sturgeon spawning and spawning ground of Gezhouba Dam historical spawning water level, flow, temperature and sediment conditions, and discusses the Chinese sturgeon in the breeding year gonadal development and effective accumulated temperature may need.According to the actual terrain data, the establishment of the Gezhouba Dam Chinese sturgeon spawning field3-D hydrodynamic mathematical model in2004November, spawning measured flow field calibration and validation of the spawning grounds of three-dimensional hydrodynamic mathematical model parameters. According to the Gezhouba Dam Chinese sturgeon spawning ground monitoring data of51times1988-2010year Chinese sturgeon habitat location, using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to recover the previous monitoring activities of Chinese sturgeon spawning field, extraction of hydrodynamic characteristics of Chinese sturgeon habitat position, according to statistics, the Chinese sturgeon habitat velocity, depth, Buddha Ru de appropriate number curve and suitable area, the ecological flow of Chinese sturgeon suitable.The Three Gorges Reservoir vertical two-dimensional temperature model according to the real terrain data and measured data, the calibration and validation of the main parameters of the model. The spawning three-dimensional hydrodynamic mathematical model and the Three Gorges reservoir water temperature model, analyzes the impact of the Three Gorges project operation of the Chinese sturgeon propagation of hydrodynamic and temperature conditions. Based on the Three Gorges Reservoir vertical two-dimensional temperature model, the reason of the Three Gorges project operation after the Chinese sturgeon propagation delay. Discusses the role of different hydrological factor influence in the Chinese sturgeon propagation activities in the. The main research results in this paper for:1. Hydrological process needs inChinese sturgeon breeding activity is not clear.In the spawning ground of Gezhouba Dam. Chinese sturgeon spawning event occurs, water level range is suitable for40.05-46.17m. flow range is suitable for7000-16000m3/s, sediment content is suitable for0.095-0.638kg/m3,the suitable17.9-20.9℃. Then according to the spawning and existing spawning of Chinese sturgeon hydrological data analysis of history. Chinese sturgeon spawning days are in the calendar year October back water process. However, through the analysis and comparison of spawning day and the day before the hydrological data, found the water level, flow, temperature and sediment content downward trend is not obvious. Some egg, flow, water temperature and water level of sediment content in the rising process, some spawning in the fall.2, different hydrologic factors have different functions in Chinese sturgeon reproduction.Based on the analysis of the historical data, the hydrological indicators, the decision of the Chinese sturgeon spawning time season, water level, flow determines the specific time of spawning. However, in the Three Gorges reservoir impounding, affected by the reservoir "stagnation temperature effect", the water temperature factor becomes difficult to meet, obviously becomes the key factor influencing Chinese sturgeon spawning time, in most cases, water level, flow condition is easier to satisfy the water temperature.3. Chinese sturgeon fish from the river mouth into the mainstream, have accumulated certain the gonadal development demand of water temperature.Based on the analysis of Gezhouba Dam under the Chinese sturgeon spawning ground multiple spawning activity propagation of annual water temperature at13℃accumulated temperature, initial temperature for gonadal development, the construction of the Three Gorges reservoir, movable insulation is5475±250℃·d, the effective accumulated temperature of2043±54℃·d; in the Three Gorges reservoir, the movable temperature to6039±194℃·d, the effective accumulated temperature of2273±87℃·d. After the Three Gorges reservoir, affected by the reservoir "stagnation temperature effect", water temperature temperature increase.4, Chinese sturgeon breeding ecological flow requirement for specific.According to the analysis of the monitoring of Chinese sturgeon position of hydrodynamic characteristics of Chinese sturgeon habitat restoration, preference to high velocity, water depth deep position. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between Chinese sturgeon habitat and spawning preference scale and spawning flow, deduce the breeding period suitable flow is about 7000-16000m3/s, the ecological flow better for9000-11000m3/s.5, Chinese sturgeon spawning time may have some relationship with the effective accumulated temperature of Chinese sturgeon gonad development required.Through the study found that, in the2003-2009period of Chinese sturgeon spawning, most effectively accumulated temperature2273℃·d and5d. According to the development of effective accumulated temperature of year, can roughly infer the spawning time. The ecological flow scheduling can be found for the Chinese sturgeon propagation period of biological monitoring and improve Chinese sturgeon propagation conditions provide support.The main innovative points of this paper are:1, this study analyzed the effects of main environmental factors on Chinese sturgeon breeding activity.Study on the influence of environmental factors on Chinese sturgeon breeding activity, have important significance for the protection of Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis breeding environment improvement. This study analyzes the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir before and after spawning field hydrological conditions in Chinese sturgeon spawning ground of hydrological conditions. Gezhouba Dam native, reveals the different locations, different time, different hydrological factors in the Chinese sturgeon propagation activities.2, this study through the method of mathematical model that Gezhouba Dam Chinese sturgeon breeding activities postponed.Research by using the method of mathematical model, analyzed the reason of Chinese sturgeon propagation delay. Through the analysis of the statistical characteristics of date sequence after conversion of Chinese sturgeon spawning of Chinese sturgeon natural reproduction and demand, although the water temperature is the key factor of the sturgeon breeding, but it only determines the upper and lower limits of Chinese sturgeon spawning season. The lower reaches of the Jinsha River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River "from autumn", is a major cause of Chinese sturgeon spawning, transport it from the upper reaches of the Yangtze Three Gorges reservoir caused by stagnant time to Yichang after the shift, a main reason is caused by the date of Chinese sturgeon natural reproduction after the impoundment of Three Gorges Project shift.3, this study through the analysis of the data, the required Chinese sturgeon breeding activity of active accumulated temperature and effective accumulated temperature and spawning date inference method.Study through the analysis of the data, puts forward the Chinese sturgeon gonad development required the active accumulated temperature and effective accumulated temperature, and then to infer the probable date of production of eggs occurred. In the Three Gorges reservoir, the Chinese sturgeon propagation of annual effective accumulated temperature of2273±87℃·d, Chinese sturgeon spawning days in the most effective accumulated temperature of2273℃·d and5d. Thus according to the effective accumulated temperature of development then, deduce the spawning time.更多还原