药学高等教育与医药产业的协同发展研究

【作者】 刘玉成；

【导师】 孙利华；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳药科大学 ， 药事管理学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 随着我国高等教育由精英化阶段发展到大众化阶段,人们对于高等教育质量的关注与日俱增,评价质量的标准也不断发展变化。社会各界逐渐意识到,要保证高等教育质量,除了关注课堂教学效果、教学条件等因素之外,更重要的是考察高等教育的结构是否与经济发展相适应。药学高等教育作为高等教育的一个组成部分,其教育质量的高低也取决于对医药产业的适应性。因此本文的研究对象是两个系统,一个是医药产业,个是高等教育。对于医药产业,主要研究其各个组成环节对于药学人才的需求特点。对于药学高等教育,主要研究其结构组成,包括能级结构、层次结构、区域结构、专业结构、课程结构、就业结构等等,研究在这种结构下培养出来的学生在数量、层次、知识体系方面是否适合医药产业的发展。对于医药产业的研究,主要集中在各组成环节对药学人才的需求这一领域。这种组成环节有两个维度的分类方式：一种依据产业链理论将医药产业划分成新药研发、药品生产、药品流通、药学服务四个链节；另一种是根据国家统计局产业分类标准,选取化学药品制造业、中药制造业、生物生化制品制造业这三个子产业。医药产业的各链节或者各组成部分对药学人才的需求是不同的。理论上讲,新药研发环节需要高层次的研究型人才,药品生产和药品流通环节需要大批的技术型和技能型人才,药学服务环节需要高层次服务型人才；化学药品制造业由于规模大,需要各种人才的数量要超过中药产品制造业和生物生化制品制造业。但实际上由于种种原因,可能造成医药产业各组成部分对人才的需求和理论上发生偏离,比如目前我国新药研发环节和药学服务环节都不发达,所以对高层次人才的需求并不旺盛。对于药学高等教育,主要研究其规模与各类结构的现状以及培养的人才是否适应医药产业的现状及发展,具体研究结果如下：(1)以药学高等教育在校生人数作为表征规模的指标,以医药工业总产值作为表征医药产业规模的指标,近十年二者的发展速度基本一致,由此可以得出结论,在医药产业的生产方式、投资结构没有较大变动的情况下,药学高等教育的规模基本适应医药产业的发展。(2)将药学高等教育的能级结构分为研究型大学、教学研究型大学、教学型大学、高等职业技术学院四个能级。目前研究型大学和教学研究型大学的数量偏多,高等职业技术学院数量偏少。导致的结果将是学术型人才培养数量偏多,技术型、技能型人才培养数量偏少,这种培养不适应目前我国医药产业的发展。(3)将药学高等教育的层次结构划分为博士研究生、硕士研究生、本科生、高职生四个层次。目前各层次规模比例由高到低依次为本科生、硕士研究生、高职生、博士研究生；按规模增长速度由快到慢依次为博士研究生、硕士研究生、本科生、高职生。这种层次结构导致的结果将是博士研究生、硕士研究生的规模超出医药产业的需求。(4)药学高等教育的地域结构研究药学高等教育在不同地域的分布情况。这里的地域既指每个省级行政单位,也指按照三大经济地带的方法将我国划分成的西部、中部、东部三个地区。研究结果表明,东部地区所拥有的大学数量和质量都远远高于西部地区,中部地区介于二者之间。但是将各省级行政单位拥有的大学数量与该地区医药总产值相比,则结果又发生变化。(5)药学高等教育的专业结构指药学高等教育领域有哪些专业,以及这些专业的专业点数量。在专业组成结构方面,医药产业的每个领域都有适合的专业为其培养人才基本可以满足医药产业对于人才种类的需求；目前的问题在于,为中药制品制造业服务的专业群规模比为化学药品制造业服务的专业群规模还要大,这与产业发展现状是不符的。另外,为药学服务环节培养人才的临床药学专业规模过小,不利于将来药学服务的大范围开展。(6)药学高等教育的课程结构指教学计划中各类课程组合、衔接和联系的方式。本文以沈阳药科大学新旧专业计划作为对比,得出结论在新教学计划中,化学类和工程类课程的学时数均有下降,生命科学和医学基础类课程的学时数均有上升,体现了课程结构由“化学—药学—工程”模式向“化学—生物学—医学—药学”模式转化的趋势,并根据产业发展所需的知识情况,提出通过增加新的课程来完善药学高等教育课程结构。(7)药学高等教育的就业结构指药学院校毕业生在不同就业部门分布的数量对比关系。本文分层次研究药学高等教育的就业结构：高职生和本科生均以医药企业为主要就业渠道,这种就业结构对医药产业的需求基本适应；硕士研究生近年来在医药产业就业为主,并且规模逐渐增长；博士研究生仍以在高校就业为主,但在医药企业就业的规模逐渐增长。这种就业结构说明医药产业尚不能吸纳更多的高层次人才就业,也体现了高层次人才培养有一定程度的过度现象。更多还原

【Abstract】 With China’s higher education shifting from elite education to mass education, more attention is paid to the quality of higher education, and the standards for evaluating its quality keep changing as well. The whole society have come to realize that in order to ensure the quality of higher education, more importance should be attached to examining whether the structure of higher education suits the development of economy apart from attaching importance to factors such as the effects of classroom teaching and the construction of teaching conditions etc. Higher pharmaceutical education is a part of higher education, whose quality depends on its adaptability to the pharmaceutical industry. Hence, the objects of this research paper are tow systems:one is the pharmaceutical industry, and the other is higher education. As for pharmaceutical industry, the research is on the characteristics of the needs of its various links for pharmaceutical talents. As for higher pharmaceutical education, the research is on the constitution of its structures, mainly including the level structure, hierarchical structure, regional structure, specialty structure, knowledge structure and employment structure; besides, the research is also on whether the students cultivated under such structures can adjust to the development of pharmaceutical industry in terms of number, level and knowledge system etc.As for the research on pharmaceutical industry, the focus is on the need of various links of the industry for pharmaceutical talents. The links can be classified in two ways:one is, according to the theory of industry chain, to classify pharmaceutical industry into four links of development of new drugs, manufacturing of drugs, circulation of drugs and pharmaceutical care; another is, according to the standards for industry classification by the National Bureau of Statistics, to classify it into three sub-industries of chemical drug manufacturing, TCM manufacturing and biochemical product manufacturing.Different links of pharmaceutical industry have different needs for pharmaceutical talents. Theoretically, the link of new drug development needs the high-leveled research talents, the links of drug manufacturing and circulation needs large numbers of technical and skilled talents and the link of pharmaceutical care needs the high-leveled service talents; while chemical drug manufacturing needs a lot more of various talents than TCM manufacturing and biochemical product manufacturing due to its large scale. The factors mentioned above may lead to the deviation of the need of various links of pharmaceutical industry for talents from theories, for example, the needs for high-leveled talents are not so strong as the links of new drug development and pharmaceutical care in China are not so advanced.As for higher pharmaceutical education, the focus is on the situations of various structures and whether the talents cultivated under such structures can adjust to the situation and development of pharmaceutical industry. The results of the research are as follows:(1) If the number of students in pharmaceutical universities and colleges is regarded as the scale index, and the output value of pharmaceutical industry is regarded as the scale index of the pharmaceutical industry, the development paces of the both in the past decade are almost the same. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn, i.e. the scale of higher pharmaceutical education basically adapts to the development of pharmaceutical industry though there are no major changes in the manufacturing mode of pharmaceutical industry or in the structure of investment.(2) The level structure of higher pharmaceutical education is divided into four level structures, i.e. research universities, teaching and research universities, teaching universities, and vocational and technical universities. At present, there are an excessive number of research universities and teaching and researching universities, while the number of vocational and technical universities is inadequate. Therefore, there are an excessive number of academic talents and inadequate number of technical talents and skilled talents, which means we can’t meet the needs of the development of the pharmaceutical industry.(3) The hierarchical structure of higher pharmaceutical education is divided into four levels, namely, doctoral candidates, postgraduates, undergraduates and vocational college students. At present, the scale of different hierarchies are undergraduates, postgraduates, doctoral candidates and vocational college students by descending order; and the increase rates of the scale are doctoral candidates, postgraduates, undergraduates from fast to slow. Consequently, the scale of doctoral candidates and postgraduates exceeds the need of the pharmaceutical industry.(4) The regional structure of higher pharmaceutical education is on the distribution of higher pharmaceutical education in different regions. The regions here not only refer to the provincial administrative units, but also the three economic zones of western region, middle region and eastern region in China. As the result of the research shows, the number and quality of universities in the eastern regions are by far larger and better than those in the western regions, and the middle region lies in between. However, if we compare the numbers of universities in the provincial administrative units with the value of output of pharmaceutical industry, the results are quite different.(5) The specialty structure of higher pharmaceutical education refers to the specialties in the field of higher pharmaceutical education as well as the scales of these specialties. As for the aspect of the structure of specialty constitution, there are suitable specialties in each field of pharmaceutical industry which can cultivate talents for them and meet the needs of the industry for talents. The problem at present is that the scale of specialties serving the TCM product manufacturing is larger that that serving the chemical drug manufacturing, which does not conform to the development of the industry. Besides, the specialty scale of clinical pharmacy which cultivates talents for pharmaceutical care is too small, which will hinder the wide spread of pharmaceutical care.(6) The course structure of higher pharmaceutical education refers to the way by which all the courses in the curriculum are combined, connected and related. This paper compares the old and new specialty programs of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, and a conclusion was drawn that the teaching hours for both courses on chemistry and courses on engineering decrease in the new teaching programs while the teaching hours for both courses on life sciences and basic courses on medicine increase, which embodies the shift of knowledge structure from the model of "chemistry-pharmacy-engineering" to the model of "chemistry-biology-medicine-pharmacy".(7) The employment structure of higher pharmaceutical education refers to the comparison of numbers of graduate students from pharmaceutical universities employed in different places. This paper studies the employment structure of higher pharmaceutical education by levels:vocational college students and undergraduates are mainly employed in pharmaceutical enterprises, and such an employment structure is suitable for the need of the pharmaceutical industry; postgraduates are mostly employed in pharmaceutical industry in recent years and the scale is on the increase; while doctoral candidates mainly serve in colleges and universities, but the number of students working in pharmaceutical enterprises is on the increase. Such an employment structure indicates that the pharmaceutical industry is not attractive enough to the high-leveled talents and also embodies that there is a transition to a certain extent for the cultivation of high-leveled talents.更多还原