【作者】 陈露；

【导师】 覃建雄；

【作者基本信息】 成都理工大学 ， 第四纪地质学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区,集中体现了喜马拉雅山脉中段地区的自然地理面貌和传统人文状态,兼具生境复杂性、生物多样性和文化原生态性。保护区气候、植被、土壤的垂直带性明显,是喜马拉雅地区特有物种的基因库和避难所。当地居民在宗法、习俗、建筑、歌舞、语言等方面的传统保存良好,与自然生境一起构成浑然一体的山地人文-地域系统。随着国际社会关注、边境商贸发展以及社会经济发展,对这一生态多样性和复杂性地区的地学景观及成景机制进行系统研究,探讨旅游承载力和适宜的旅游开发模式,成为喜马拉雅地区旅游发展面临的首要问题。论文基于青藏高原自然地理、地质构造、生态环境等领域的已有研究,利用国内外旅游地学研究的理论和方法,系统分析和研究了珠峰自然保护区地学景观系统和景观成因,全面讨论了地学景观的成景环境、成景过程和景观演化模式。在此基础上,进行国内外旅游环境容量测算方法学研究。根据保护区南北坡地域环境差异显著的特征,应用地理信息系统(GIs)、遥感(RS)和全球定位系统(GPS)等技术方法,分析了不同地域的旅游活动适宜空间格局,计算了保护区旅游环境容量。最后,提出了旅游开发模式。通过以上研究,论文获得以下结论：(1)以区域构造格局作为空间尺度划分依据,详细清理了珠峰自然保护区地学景观资源,自上而下分为四级系统：Ⅰ级,地学景观体系域；Ⅱ级,地学景观体系；Ⅲ级,地学景观区；Ⅳ级,地学景点。在此基础上,识别出3个Ⅰ级地学景观体系域,5个Ⅱ级地学景观体系,17个Ⅲ级地学景观区。结合地质遗迹景观和旅游景观分类方法,识别出分属6种类型的52处地学景点。景观资源以“世界屋脊”、“雪域高原”和“高原山地生态旅游圣地”为特色,通过定量评价方法,五级景观资源2处,四级景观资源4处,三级景观资源5处。(2)从地层层序角度探讨了保护区在主要地质时期的古地理状况,按地质历史时期,恢复并建立起保护区以及喜马拉雅地区沉积环境。大时间尺度的成景过程有三个阶段：1)成景地层形成阶段；2)山谷定型阶段；3)构造抬升阶段。而在三个阶段中,又各有多个成景期。成景地层形成阶段历经古生代—中中生代被动大陆边缘沉积体系和晚中生代—早新生代周缘前陆盆地沉积体系,有4期城成景期：(1)基底形成期(前寒武纪)；(2)稳定陆表海沉积期(寒武纪—泥盆纪)；(3)大陆裂谷—被动大陆边缘沉积期(石炭纪—侏罗纪)；(4)周缘前陆盆地期(白垩纪—古近纪)。山谷定型阶段确定了喜马拉雅山体格架,经历了喜山运动第2幕和第3幕(始新世-中新世)。构造抬升阶段与新构造运动的时间一致,约2Ma自上新世末至第四纪,是在第二阶段山谷定型的基础上对山体加高加深,带有大尺度的剥蚀、夷平等景观改造作用。珠峰自然保护区地学景观成景机理是由喜马拉雅造陆、造山地质演化过程决定的,景观形态是第四纪时间序列演化的地表响应。白垩纪前陆表海及前陆盆地沉积环境提供成景地层所需时间和空间;始新世以来欧亚板块碰撞为喜马拉雅造山提供动力源;第四纪风化剥蚀等外营力作用过程产生各种单体景观。(3)针对保护区空间跨度大、地域地理条件差异显著的特点,利用ArcGIS空间分析功能,结合遥感和全球定位技术对大空间尺度的地理特征分析能力,以喜马拉雅山脉为界将保护区分为北坡区域和南坡区域,从地形、土地类型和山地垂直带三个人地系统影响因子,分别分析了适宜旅游活动的空间特征。采用地理学、资源学、社会经济学、旅游学等交叉学科研究方法,基于建模方法学研究,建立了保护区旅游容量测算模型。通过计算游客容量发现,目前保护区旅游资源优势远未发挥出应有的作用,建立科学、高效地旅游发展模式将是珠峰自然保护区面临的实际问题。(4)梳理了珠峰自然保护区南坡的山地垂直带谱,借鉴RS、GPS、GIS有关空间分析方法,从山地垂直带海拔和坡度两个方面,分析了土地利用方式的空间分布特征。结果表明,南坡山地的耕地和草地空间分布垂直带性特征显著,土地资源的人口承载能力已超过上限,提高珠峰自然保护区核心区居民生活水平,缓解资源—环境—社会发展的矛盾,必须改变土地利用方式,降低对土地产出的依赖程度。(5)在前述有关地学景观和旅游承载力研究的基础上,提出了珠峰自然保护区适宜开展的旅游活动类型、方式和区域,建立了以“高原山地生态旅游”为特征的旅游开发模式,并探讨了探险旅游开发模式和朝圣旅游开发模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mount Qomolangma National Natural Reserve, with its complex ecotope, biodiversity and pristine ecosystem, embodies the natural geography appearance and the traditional humanity state in the middle section of the Himalaya Range. Local inhabitants keep a well-preserved tradition of patriarchal clan system, customs, buildings, songs and dances and languages, and form an integrated mountain-human regional system with natural habitat. The dissertation, analyzes and studies systematically the geological landscape and the formation mechanism, and discusses comprehensively the formation environment, formation process and evolution mode of the geological landscape by employing the theories and methods of tourism geosciences study at home and abroad. This dissertation analyzes the suitable spatial structure of tourism activities in different regions and calculates the tourism carrying capacity. In the end, puts forward the tourism development mode.Based on the above studies, this dissertation comes to the following conclusions:(1) This dissertation sorts out the geosciences landscape resources of Mount Qomolangma National Natural Reserve in detail by taking regional tectonic framework as the basis for dividing space scale and divides them into a four-level system, identifies three level I, five level Ⅱ and seventeen level Ⅲ, and52geosciences spots of level IV. There are two resorts of5A landscape resources, four of4A landscape resources and five of3A landscape resources according to quantitative appraisal methods.(2) The dissertation probes into the geographical condition of the reserve in pale geological time from the perspective of stratigraphic sequence and restores and establishes the reserve and environment of sedimentation in Himalaya area by the order of geological time. The process of formation can be roughly divided into three stages:(1) the formation stage of stratum;(2) shaping stage of the valley;(3) lifting stage of the structure. There are four periods in the formation stage of stratum. The Himalaya trellis was fixed during shaping stage of the valley. Lifting stage of the structure happened at the same time with the neotectonic movement accompanied with obvious denudation and deplanation from about the end of Pliocene epoch to Quaternary period.(3) Due to the large space span and significant differences of geographical conditions of the reserve, the dissertation takes advantage of the space analysis function of ArcGIS and uses remote sensing and global positioning techniques to analyze the space features of areas, which are divided into north slope and south slope by the Himalayas, that are suitable for tourism from the perspectives of landform, land type and Mountain vertical belt. This study, based on modeling methodology study, establishes tourism carrying capacity model. It is found that the advantages of the tourism resource have not been fully exploited so establishing efficient tourism development model is the urgent problem that the reserve faces.(4) The dissertation sorts out the altitudinal zonation spectrum by adopting space analysis methods such as RS, GPS and GIS, and analyzes the space distribution features of the way land is used from two perspectives:the latitude and gradient. It is found that the vertical band features of cultivated land and meadow are more distinct and the population carrying capacity of the land resources has been surpassed. In order to improve people’s living standards and solve the contradiction between resources, environment and social development, we must change the way we use land and depend less on land produces.(5) This dissertation, puts forward the type, mode and region of tourism activity that are suitable for development in the reserve and establishes the tourism development mode with the feature of "ecotourism in mountainous areas and plateau".更多还原