法门寺秘色瓷与晚唐佛教密宗审美观念研究

【作者】 张璐；

【导师】 段建军；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国审美文化史， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 中国传统文化博大精深、源远流长。作为传统手工艺门类之一的陶瓷艺术是中国几千年文明的杰出代表,曾在中华文明史上书写了辉煌的篇章。在中国陶瓷业的发展历史上,最具有代表性和审美价值的唐代越窑秘色瓷,以其变化无穷的肌理和巧夺天工的纹饰,把瓷釉的天青色泽和瓷胎质地发挥到了极致,瓷釉的厚度恰到好处,由此产生出极好的艺术装饰效果。它问世以来便执着的追求其素雅精美的艺术目标,践行“以简为美”的审美思想,一直以来被人们推崇为是陶瓷史上的一朵奇葩。其质朴、典雅的艺术风格和无穷“韵”味,追求圆“满”,崇尚“玉”质的文化内涵,长时期受到人们的青睐。本文以唐代秘色瓷为研究对象,尝试通过历史审美和密宗宗教审美观念探析越窑青瓷中的佼佼者——秘色瓷所体现出的美学特征,探究隐藏在秘色瓷美学因素背后的真相。以往研究者关更注于秘色瓷器物本身的外部特征及其审美意义,在研究方法上,只是较多地涉及了史料和文献,侧重于探讨其产生的历史现象。本文尝试从研究器物的层面着手,把秘色瓷的外在特性—造型、釉色、装饰等作为重要的实证材料,力求从历史、宗教和文化的角度,结合大量文献资料,揭示和阐述秘色瓷的产生与发展的历史、宗教、文化等重要因素。首先,本文简要介绍了中国瓷器的发展历程,探讨了越窑青瓷和秘色瓷的内在联系,秘色瓷的工艺技术和烧造窑场等。详细研究了唐代越窑秘色瓷的起源、辉煌和衰落的过程和其产生的诸多原因,并考证了秘色瓷源于晚唐这一史实。文中紧扣秘色瓷器物的材质品质、生产工艺、装饰效果、不同造型和工艺装烧情况及呈现的主要特点。以唐代秘色瓷的美学特征为出发点,从历史审美的角度出发,研究了秘色瓷简洁大气的造型艺术,生动美感的装饰艺术,清新淡雅的釉色艺术背后的历史成因,从而清晰地理解和展示秘色瓷美学独特的魅力。其次,法门寺秘色瓷的发掘出土是秘色瓷研究历史的一个里程碑。秘色瓷作为唐代皇帝进贡佛祖的“供养品”,其崇高地位已经不言而喻,而且秘色瓷能够与佛祖释迦牟尼真身舍利一起保存千年至今,其背后隐藏的宗教意味值得探究。本文通过对法门寺秘色瓷与“供养”的关系,秘色瓷与密宗宗教审美观念等问题的研究,力图从宗教审美的角度发掘晚唐佛教密宗审美与法门寺秘色瓷之间的内在联系。如“莲花”等佛教常见的装饰图案无不彰显着秘色瓷与宗教之间千丝万缕的联系。再次,本文探讨了秘色瓷独特的文化内涵及其成因,在对大量历史文化研究和比对分析的基础上,将秘色瓷的核心价值理念高度归纳总结为“韵”、“玉”、“满”,将秘色瓷放在唐代宫廷文化的大背景中进行考证,通过对唐代经济、政治、技术、宗教、社会风尚、对外交流、审美文化、艺术风格、生活方式等多方面的综合研究,揭示秘色瓷在我国陶瓷发展史上的地位及美学上的价值,引申出唐代政治、经济、文化和宗教思想影响下的秘色瓷,其风格特征与文人书画审美情趣的趋同性。探寻秘色瓷所呈现的“雅”与“俗”审美两极演变与融合,以及“五行”与“五色”和秘色瓷之间的必然关联,从而构建了完整的秘色瓷文化体系。最后,本文研究法门寺秘色瓷与晚唐佛教密宗审美观念对当今中国传统文化传承与发展的积极意义。(一)秘色瓷美学特征折射出晚唐瓷器烧造的最高工艺技术和艺术追求。通过对秘色瓷的釉色、装饰、造型和工艺等方面深入分析其美学特征的研究,再次印证了其作为晚唐时期瓷器烧造的最高工艺技术的巨大艺术价值和审美价值。这项研究对现代社会了解晚唐时期社会、人文、宗教、工业、特别是陶瓷工艺美术的发展状况,还原当时的历史文化风貌,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。(二)秘色瓷的发展历史体现了浓厚的中国传统文化精髓。通过对美学理论基础研究发现,晚唐时期宫廷贵族和文人士大夫的意识形态承载着丰富的思想内涵,引导着人民大众的思想旨趣和审美喜好,成为人民大众的自觉审美追求,最终为秘色瓷的产生和发展提供了思想基础和文化内蕴。(三)佛教密宗审美观念深化了秘色瓷的文化气韵。秘色瓷的经典图案“莲花”是我国佛教文化中一个经典艺术符号,它是佛教的圣花,代表着美丽高洁的形象,也寄托寓意圣洁、佛光普照、如意吉祥之意。秘色瓷的主色调是青色,青,泛指一类带绿的蓝色,而蓝色在佛教中被赋于庄严与神圣的特殊意义。佛教文化在晚唐时期达到鼎盛,其对当时乃至后世社会文化产生巨大的影响,秘色瓷不仅是晚唐时期工艺美术精品中一个典型代表,也是晚唐佛教文化艺术品的一个真实写照。综上所述,秘色瓷是中国传统文化和历代思想的外部表征之一,以其精湛绝伦的工艺技术令人叹为观止。在秘色瓷的发展历史中蕴含着中华民族传统文化的魂与灵性,反映出我国古代不同历史时期的社会心理和人文情怀。它在我国古代陶瓷史中,特别是青瓷装饰艺术发展史上占有举足轻重的地位。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Chinese traditional culture is time-honored. As one of the traditional arts and crafts categories, ceramic art has become an outstanding representative of Chinese civilization for thousands of years. It used to be a brilliant chapter in the Chinese civilization. In the development history of Chinese ceramics, as one of the most representative works with aesthetic value, Yueyao secret color porcelain (SCP) of Tang Dynasty has been regarded as a good epitome of Chinese culture.With its endless variations of texture and intricate ornamentation, azure porcelain enamel and porcelain body has adequately demonstrated those characteristics. Enamel thickness is just right with excellent artistic decorative effect. From the moment of its birth, persistent pursuit has been made for its elegance and exquisite artistic goals, and practicing of "simple is beautiful" aesthetic thinking. Its idyllic, elegant art style, as well as its natural beauty and cultural quintessence, has enjoyed growing popularity.In this paper, Tang Dynasty SCP has been studied for analyzing the aesthetic characteristics of SCP with the late Tang Dynasty Buddhist Tantric aesthetic concepts, and exploring the hidden aesthetic factors. After the Study on the relationship between Famen SCP aesthetic features and Tang Dynasty Buddhist Tantric aesthetic ideas, it can be found that the emerge of SCP is not a coincidence. Actually, it is the consequence of a variety of factors.The research status, purposes, meanings and methods on SCP in Famen Temple are discussed in this chapter. Taking Porcelain as the traditional objects of art studies, it usually tends to focus on the aesthetic significance of the artifacts pattern; while from the perspective of the traditional literature and history research, it particularly studys historical and social phenomenon from the classic historical data and literature materials.This chapter tried to focus on the external features of SCP, including-shape, glaze, decorative, which serve as important empirical materials. It strives to use historical analysis, document analysis, field surveys, comparative and interdisciplinary demonstration method. Combined with the cultural and historical material and image information, SCP is deeply studied. The historical and cultural phenomenon is elaborated comprehensively. Finally, the social life context of late Tang dynasty has been exhibited vividly.Aesthetic form and style of SCP are the important parts of this article. This chapter mainly focus on the features of secret color porcelain artifacts, its material, craft, decoration, shape, and burning characteristics. Taking Tang SCP aesthetic characteristics as the starting point standpoint, it shows that SCP beauty is mainly reflected in the beauty of the porcelain shape, decorative and glaze.From views of literature, artifacts, field comprehensive survey, combining history and theory, we can clearly understand the unique charm of secret color porcelain through SCP analysis and elaboration. Tang Dynasty SCP is aesthetic discussion and research.The third part studies the relationship between SCP and the Tantric religious concepts. This chapter discusses the Tantric religious system, the relationship of between Famen SCP and "dependent", and the influence of Tantric religious system on SCP.Tang Chang’an city is the place where Buddhism was in full bloom in Tang dynasty. Based on the abundance data, the intrinsic link between Famen SCP and Tang Buddhist Tantric aesthetic ideas is convincingly identified.The fourth chapter deals with the development of the cultural connotation of SCP, which is the central part of the thesis. In this chapter SCP is studied in the background of the Tang Dynasty aulic culture. By comprehensively analyzing the Tang Dynasty aulic specific background, aesthetics, artistic style, lifestyle, based on the real bowls, plates, dishes, and bottles unearthed in Shaanxi Famen temple, the status and aesthetic value of SCP in the ceramic development history are researched.Under the influence of Tang Dynasty politics, economics, culture, religion, ideology, the characteristic of SCP conforms to aesthetic taste of literati."Advocating jade" implication of elegance and vulgar, heritage and development of SCP are also discussed.The fifth chapter focuses on the importance of researching on Famen SCP and Tang Buddhist Tantric aesthetic concept, which is significant for today’s traditional Chinese culture.The in-depth analysis of its aesthetic features reflects the advanced technology and artistic pursuits of the late Tang dynasty. In modern society, this research is useful for understanding the late Tang Dynasty society, culture, religion, and industry, especially the development of the ceramic arts. To depict the historical and cultural background of the late Tang dynasty, it also has important theoretical value and practical significance.SCP development history reflects the highlights of traditional Chinese culture. Based on aesthetic theory, it can be found that the ideology of the late Tang Dynasty aristocrats and literati carries rich connotation, which influenced the civilians’ ideology and aesthetic preferences. This ideology turned to be the esthetic pursuit of the masses. Finally, SCP come into being based on the ideological basis and culture connotation.SCP’cultural flavor has been enhanced by the Buddhist Tantric aesthetic concept. SCP classic pattern "Lotus" is a classic artistic symbol of China’s Buddhist culture.This Buddhist holy flower represents the beautiful image of nobility. Its implied meanings are holiness, purity, Buddha illuminating, and auspiciousness.Blue is the main color of SCP. However, blue is assigned to be the solemn and sacred significance in Buddhism.Buddhist culture reached its zenith in the late Tang Dynasty. It not only had enormous impact on the time, but also influenced the society and culture of the subsequent dynasties.SCP is not only a typical representative of the greatest arts and crafts in the late Tang Dynasty; it is the true portrayal of the Buddhist artworks.In summary, with its exquisite and amazing technology, SCP is an external representation of Chinese traditional culture and Historic thought.The essence of the Chinese traditional culture is implied in the SCP development history. The social psychology and humanistic feelings reflect different historical periods in ancient China.In the ceramic history of ancient China, especially celadon decorative arts development, SCP occupies a pivotal position.更多还原