明代中后期南、北方散曲比较研究

【作者】 刘英波；

【导师】 王志民；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 相对于唐诗、宋词而言，人们对元代散曲的研究较少；与元代散曲比，人们对明代散曲的关注也少。不过，从散曲家的参与范围、万首（套）以上的存曲数量、相对多元的题材与风格、曲作承载的时代及地域文化信息等方面看，重视和研究明代散曲对文学史和文化史来说有着重要的意义和价值。综观明代散曲，明代中后期散曲取得的成就最大，时代性、地域性色彩鲜明，而研究成果较为稀见，故此本文选取“明代中后期南、北方散曲比较研究”为题予以研究。本文采取“以史为经、以地为纬”的结构模式，以数理统计、文献史料为支撑，以散曲文本为根基，以地域群体与个案研究为切入点，运用以点带面、突出重点、比较分析的研究方法和多学科的文化知识，历时考察明代中后期不同时段散曲坛和南、北方代表性曲家群的承变特点，共时分析同一时段南、北方代表性曲家群和个案曲家的生命形态和散曲创作特点，进而概括出南、北方散曲表现出的相似性和差异性，总结出南、北方散曲的文学精神与一些规律性特点。本文共分三部分。第一部分绪论。分析明代中后期散曲的研究现状，交代本选题的研究目的、研究意义，阐述本文的研究难点、研究方法和基本思路。第二部分为本文的主体部分，共分五章。第一章明代中后期散曲家的地域分布。本章概述地域文化对文学创作影响的直接性、间接性、复杂性，文学创作对地域文化的记载、传播与干预功能；界定“明代中后期”和“南、北方”时地的指称范围，指出南、北方散曲家失衡的籍地分布特点，阐释散曲家集中于黄河流域（关中平原、华北平原）与长江流域（成都平原、长江三角洲）的分布规律及原因，解读曲家动态分布（移居、游历、宦游）与散曲创作的关系，比较分析吴中、蜀中、关中、山左四地散曲家数量的流变特点等。第二章南方局部复兴——成化、弘治间散曲。本章简述了明初散曲的过渡性特点与明前期散曲的低迷状况，指出了明代初、前期南、北方散曲家的籍地分布特点；概括出成化、弘治间散曲具有“南方文学”的地域性特点，分析了影响南方局面复兴的内、外原因；重点探讨了地域文化与南方代表性曲家——南京陈铎、高邮王盤、吴中祝允明、唐寅等散曲创作之间的关系。最后，对成化、弘治间北方散曲冷落的表现和原因进行了描述和分析。要之，成化、弘治间的散曲家主要集中于江南一带，延续了明代初期、前期散曲家集中南方的特点；此期南方散曲家个体特点突出，没形成社团组织；都会（市）及周边地区的地域文化对散曲的题材、风格影响明显；少量散曲家率先引领散曲在南方局部复兴的文学史意义值得肯定。第三章南、北竞胜——正德、嘉靖间散曲。本章阐述了正德、嘉靖间散曲的繁盛特点和南、北方散曲的竞胜局面；重点论述了南、北两地的吴中散曲、“杨门”散曲、关中散曲、山左散曲四个地域性曲家群。吴中散曲，通过分析吴中散曲家的地域分布、身份地位、曲家交流、创作特点等，概括出吴中曲家多而曲作少、题材突破小、影响有限等特点，并从成、弘间创作风气的延续、家人与朋友影响、尚俗之风与俗文学的兴起以及曲家境遇、文体特点、缺少大家带动、重视不够等方面解读了吴中曲家队伍壮大与成就不著的原因；杨门散曲，这是一个典型的家庭式曲家群，重点论析了杨门三曲家（杨廷和、杨慎、黄娥）散曲中不同的悲苦心态和雅中存异的曲风，描述了杨门散曲中对自然物貌的述录，并对杨门曲家的影响与地位做出了评介；关中散曲，主要分析关中曲家群的地域性、突现性、关联性、辐射性表征，阐释政治境遇、心理诉求、文体特点、复古情结等对关中散曲复兴的影响，对具有突破性特点的祝寿曲、咏史怀古曲的表现及其成因，关中文化与“雄豪”曲风形成的关系进行了重点论述，还探讨了关中散曲对关中风土人情、历史文化的承载等；山左散曲，分析山左散曲家的地域性、关联性特点与“章丘词会”成员的组成及活动特点，论述传统文化、自娱需求、演唱特点、时代氛围等对山左散曲兴盛的影响，解读地域文化与山左散曲中的用世色彩及“豪雅”曲风形成的关系，阐释冯惟敏散曲中的地理景观、历史人物、历史史实、方言俗语等地域性特点。由以上分析得出，正、嘉间散曲家仕途折戟与北方散曲的兴盛关系密切，核心曲家的带动对南、北方散曲的兴盛影响较大（北方尤其明显）；南、北方曲家身份以官宦居多，北方曲家群内部关系的密切程度强于南方，但整体组织松散、影响范围不大；受地域文化影响，北方散曲的题材、风格明显与南方曲坛存有差异；经济繁荣程度、地区文化氛围、曲家个体态度等也是影响南、北方散曲兴盛的重要原因。第四章南方继盛、北地转衰——隆庆、万历间散曲。本章分析了隆庆、万历间散曲对正德、嘉靖间散曲的承变性特点以及此期散曲的地域性特征；选取了此时仍处于繁盛状态的吴中散曲、山左散曲作为群体关注对象；结合南方散曲整体兴盛的实际，我们把曲家集中、成就突出的浙北散曲、南京散曲也纳入了群体考察的范围；并选取河朔曲家薛论道作为对北地散曲考察的代表性个案。吴中散曲，论述吴中曲家群在曲家、题材、体式、曲论等方面对正、嘉间的突破性表现，解析梁辰鱼、孙楼、杜子华等代表性曲家散曲创作的突出特点，探讨了绮艳、雅丽曲风笼罩下豪爽之风的表现及成因，并描述出代表性曲家梁辰鱼、茅溱散曲中的地域色彩等；浙北散曲，深刻剖析经济富足、文化积淀、民众审美、吴中带动等因素对散曲家积聚浙北的影响，探究曲家身份地位走低的缘由，分别对罢官、致仕曲家胡文焕、高濂、屠隆、陈与郊、冯敏効散曲创作的突出特点，隐逸曲家周履靖、王屋不同的曲风，以及王骥德言情曲的文化意义等进行了深入地探讨；南京散曲，分析正、嘉间南京散曲“表面冷落、实际兴盛”的特点，概括出隆、万间南京散曲家数量多、身份低、居地集中、受外来人士影响明显等特点，重点论述了南京散曲家的生活情趣——结社、宴集、狎妓、好游等与散曲创作之间的关系；山左散曲，与嘉靖间的山左散曲比，该期山左散曲家的地域分布与身份地位呈现出新的特点，分析了嘉靖以后山左散曲继盛的主要原因，总结出山左散曲在题材、曲风方面的承变性特点，对山左散曲中的景观、节俗、方言等地域色彩进行了解析；薛论道散曲，主要解析地域文化——自然环境、燕赵文化、军旅生涯、儒家思想等与其“愤豪”、“壮豪”、“庄豪”等豪放曲风生成的关系。概之，南、北方不同的文化场域是造成隆、万间散曲南盛北衰的重要原因；社会文化思潮、昆腔改革成功等对隆、万间南方散曲的繁盛影响巨大；文人群体的壮大与有限入仕之间的矛盾是导致此期曲家身份走低的主要原因；散曲家之间的交流，南方多于北方；创作氛围、曲家经历、创作目的影响散曲题材选取与曲风形成；绮艳之风充斥整个散曲坛（南方为盛），豪放、清雅、嘲谑之风局部存在；南京的特殊位置与环境影响到当地散曲的兴盛状况等。第五章南方余盛、北方萧条——天启、崇祯间散曲。此期散曲呈现出整体趋衰和南、北方曲家数量差距较大的特点，这里分别选取具有“余盛”特点的吴中散曲和成就相对较大的山左曲家丁惟恕、孙峡峰作为南、北方考察对象。吴中散曲，重点分析世运、观念、目的、家风等与吴中具体曲家创作之间的关系，如相同命运、不同散曲——陈子龙、夏完淳散曲，冯梦龙散曲中的“情教论”，歌姬的知音宛瑜子，家风与吴江沈氏、叶氏散曲等；并对明代散曲殿军施绍莘的生命轨迹与其曲风形成之间的关系进行了专节论述。山左散曲，主要从世风与地域文化影响的角度，分析丁惟恕、孙峡峰两位布衣曲家叹世曲、言情曲、拟时曲曲、劝戒曲的特点及其成因，并指出二者散曲中的方言特色等。总体而言，天启、崇祯间南、北方散曲整体趋衰，群体性特征弱化，个体性特点突出；明末混乱的时局对散曲创作影响不大；曲家个人的生活经历、创作观念、喜好与家风等对散曲创作影响明显。第三部分结语。通过对明代中后期南、北方散曲的比较研究，可以得出如下结论：1.整体性、阶段性失衡。明代中后期散曲家和存曲数量整体呈现出南、北失衡的特点，而且不同时段南、北方曲家、曲作的数量也明显失衡。2.鲜明的时代特征。明代散曲前期低谷、成弘间局部复兴、正嘉间南北竞胜、隆万间南盛北衰、天祯间整体趋衰，显示出明代散曲的兴衰起伏与时代脉搏密切相关；明代中后期南、北方散曲对世情、时事的直书，以及与社会文化思潮的互动也彰显出鲜明的时代色彩。3.散曲家的多元特点。南、北方散曲家之间松散而又紧密的关系与诗文领域流派林立的局面不同；北方多仕途失意曲家，南方多致仕、未仕曲家；嘉靖以后曲家的身份地位整体走低；南方女性曲家远多于北方。4.地域文化对散曲创作影响较大。南、北方不同的地域文化是造成南、北两地散曲的题材、曲风出现差异的重要因素，南京、苏州特殊的地理环境使其成为南方散曲家聚集的渊薮。5.不同的文学精神。北方散曲的实用性、功利性、教化性色彩强于南方，南方散曲的尚情、尚趣、趋隐思想胜过北方。6.趋雅向俗之风。在南、北方散曲整体趋雅过程中各自表现出了程度不同的向俗之风，而“浅”、“俗、”“趣”是散曲得以传播的基石。7.文坛中的非主流地位。散曲在多数明代文人心目中的非主流地位与诗文的正统地位不同，这影响到了它的内容与风格。更多还原

【Abstract】 Compared to Tang poetry and Song ci,there is less research on sanqu in the YuanDynasty. Less attention was paid to sanqu in Ming dynasty compared with the sanqu in theYuan Dynasty, It is true that,compared with poetry, fiction and drama, overallachievement of sanqu in the Ming Dynasty did less. It is afraid this is also the main reasonfor research unfrequeted. However,in the Ming Dynasty,it had a wide scope of the sanqucomposers.The amount of sanqu was above10,000.It was also relative diversity of themesand styles.Sanqu carried many era and regional cultures.Therefore,it will has a significantmeaning and value to pay attention to and study on sanqu in the Ming Dynasty.Looking atthe entire bulk of sanqu in the Ming Dynasty, sanqu achieved maximum,and had a distinctage and geographical characteristics in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. And so far theresearch results of sanqu in middle and late Ming Dynasty are very rare.For these reasons,this article intends to select “Comparative Study on the Sanqu in the South and North inmiddle and late Ming Dynasty” as a topic of study.This dissertation uses a variety of research methods,such as mathematical statistics,comparison,and so on.Through the comparative study of the diachronic and synchronic,we will observate the characteristics of inheritance and changes and the performance ofthe respective of group and individual.On the basis of the research,we try to outline thepattern characteristics and similarities and differences of the sanqu in the south and northin middle and late Ming Dynasty. This dissertation is divided into three parts.PartⅠ: introduction.In this part, these questions are analyzed,including researchstatus of the sanqu in middle and late Ming Dynasty, research purpose and significance,research problems,and research methods and basic ideas.PartⅡ: the main part of this paper.It is made up of five chapters.Chapter I:the geographical distribution of the sanqu composers in middle and lateMing Dynasty. This issue is analyzed mainly in two aspects. First,overview of therelationship between regional culture and literature creation through a multidimensional analysis.Second, mainly analysis the distribution characteristics and causes of the northand south sanqu composers, as well as the relationship with the sanqu creation.Chapter II: local rehabilitation of sanqu in the south during Chenghua and Hongzhi.This chapter first outlines the transitional nature and the depressed state of sanqu in theearly Ming Dynasty.Subsequently,this part summarized that sanqu during Chenghua andHongzhi had the regional characteristics of “Southern literature”,and analyzed the internaland external causes of revival of sanqu in the south,such as politics,economics,philosophical and mentality.Then the relationship between local culture and sanqu wasfocused on from the commercial culture, entertainment culture, the natural environmentand human environment. In short, sanqu composers mainly concentrated in Jiangnan areain the period of Chenghua and Hongzhi.This is a continuation of the earlier features.Individual features were prominent of the composers in the south.They did not form thecommunity organizations. Regional culture had a direct or indirect impact on sanqu.It isworthy of recognition that a small amount of sanqu composers is the first to lead sanqurevival in the south.Chapter III: sanqu race wins between south and north in the period of Zhengde andJiajing. This chapter explains the prosperous characteristics and competition performanceof sanqu in the north and south during this period. Here focuses on four regional groups ofthe sanqu composers of Wuzhong,Yangmen,Guanzhong and Shanzuo. The relationshipbetween the situations of composers and the flourish of sanqu in the north.Composers andtheir works are very different in the north and south.ChapterⅣ: sanqu was prosperity in the south and gradually fading in the north duringLongqing and Wanli.First, this part analyzes the degeneration from Zhengde and Jiajing toLongqing and Wanli and the regional features of sanqu in the north and south.Second, theyare concerned as the group objects,including Wuzhong,Shanzuo,Zhebei and Nanjing.XueLundao with his works is addressed as a representative case in the north.It can be seenfrom the above analysis in this section that different cultural fields of the north and southare the important cause of southern flourish and northern fading.The styles of sanqu arerelatively single.A number of factors affect the creation of sanqu,such as writers’ identities, experiences, geographic location,and so on.ChapterⅤ: sanqu was prosperity in the south and depression in the north duringTianqi and Chongzhen.Sanqu as a whole is gradually fading in this period. Wuzhongsanqu and Shanzuo sanqu are concerned in this section.Broadly speaking, groupcharacteristics are weakening and individual features are outstanding in this period.Composers’own factors,such as personal life experiences, creative attitudes, preferencesetc,influenced the creation of sanqu significantly.Part III: conclusion.Sanqu had distinct features of the times during this period.There is a loose and closerelationship between the sanqu composers in the south and north. In the north many of thesanqu composers’ official career was frustrated,and many sanqu composers of southerndidn’t enter politics.After the Jiajing period sanqu composers status overall declined.Thenumber of the female sanqu composers in the south was more than that in thenorth.Regional culture is an important factor that made the differences in the theme andstyle between the north and south.Because Nanjing and Suzhou had the special status andconditions, many southern sanqu composers gathered there.Sanqu tended to eleganceduiring this period,but it shew the custom features. Sanqu lived in non-mainstream statusin the minds of most of the scholars in the Ming Dynasty.更多还原