【作者】 宋時磊；

【导师】 劉禮堂；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 中國古典文獻學， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 中国是茶的故乡,饮茶风习的发源地,茶文化的大观园。纵观茶文化发展史,唐代是承前启后、继往开来的时代。全方位回顾审视唐代茶文化的发展状况,既可从一个文化切片观察气象万千的唐代文化总体风貌,又对整个茶文化发展史脉络的梳理具有重要意义。全文分六章对唐代茶文化展开详细论述。第一章探唐代茶文化之源。茶事起于何时,向来有不同观点。我们对先秦有关茶的文献记载详加辨析,发现这些记载都不可尽信,并利用“二重证据法”,对历史文献和出土文物进行分析,认为茶事起于西汉。对唐代之前饮茶及茶文化发展的状况进行回顾和介绍,将这段历史分为三国时期、两晋时期、南北朝时期。在这三个时期内,茶文化得到初步发展,一方面丰富了茶自身的内涵,另一方面也为饮茶之风在唐代的进一步传播创造了条件。最后,从茶字的音形义、唐代茶文化所处的历史维度以及茶文化繁荣的表现形式等角度分析,认为茶文化“兴于唐且盛于唐”。第二章寻唐代饮茶风气之踪。重点分析唐代茶文化传播的时间阶段性与地域延展性。根据唐代茶文化发展的程度不同,划分为唐初至开元中期、开元末至建中初期、建中至咸通年间、咸通至唐末等四个阶段。之后,我们对唐代茶文化迅速传播并走向兴盛的条件进行了综合考察,从社会外部条件、必备的客观条件、茶自身特性三个方面做出分析。唐代茶文化已经向边疆塞外少数民族部落传播,甚至跨出国门,向域外各国传播。唐代茶及茶文化对外传播主要有西线、南线、东线等三条线路,其中东线向朝鲜半岛和日本的传播最为广泛而深入。最后对唐代茶叶及茶文化域外传播的历史脉络进行了分析总结,认为本时期传播具有侧重于文化的沟通与交流、注重精神和审美的感受、从文化高地流向文化洼地、僧侣是传播媒介的主体力量等特点。第三章析唐代茶产业与制度。唐代茶叶的种植与加工技术已经比较成熟,茶叶的产地也相当广泛。唐代茶叶消费需求日渐增多,这刺激了唐代茶叶的生产与贸易,形成了不同类型的茶商群体。与此同时,唐代贡茶制度开始建立,各州道纷纷将茶纳入土贡的范围。政府则设官焙,置贡茶院,派专员督办,其中,顾渚贡茶院最为著名。茶叶政策同样始自唐代,我们对唐代茶税的开征及政策的历史更迭进行了梳理,发现唐代茶税的特点为：茶税税率不断调整,征税原则和标准不断变化,征税范围不断扩大,中央和地方的茶税税收始终处于博弈状态。第四章论茶与唐人生活之融合。唐代宫廷饮茶之风极盛,茶在多种场合扮演着重要角色。认为唐代宫廷饮茶体现出尚繁荣、重等级、尚奢华、重礼仪、尚和谐、重愉悦的特征。宫廷饮茶之风带动了文人群体对茶事的热衷。春茶上市之时,文人之间经常寄茶赠茶,以诗歌互赠。文人聚会茶逐渐占据主角,饮茶演化成为一项综合的文化活动。我们还梳理了唐代民间的饮茶活动,发现茶已经成为平民阶层的生活必需品。代表民间文化的茶馆在唐代也得到初步发展。第五章叙唐代茶文化形与质。茶艺是关于饮茶的技艺,主要包括制茶工艺、烹茶技艺、品饮艺术三个环节,我们据此对唐代茶艺发展状况予以剖析。制茶工艺主要有采茶、蒸茶、捣茶、拍茶、焙茶、穿茶、藏茶七个步骤。烹茶技艺主要有取水、炙茶、碾茶、罗茶、取火、烹煮等环节。唐人品茗主要从赏汤形、观茶色、闻茶香、品茶味、赏茶具、悟意境等六个角度来体悟,品茗的环境是多元化的,品茗过程中伴随着多种艺术活动。在茶艺活动中,唐人达到了物与我的交融,天人的合一。第六章窥唐代茶文化神与魂。主要论述茶与佛道二教的关系以及唐代的茶道思想。茶叶自身的特性满足了僧人坐禅修行的需要,他们品茗煎茶,以茶参禅悟道,无时无刻离不开茶。在此基础之上,唐代形成一套独具特色的佛教茶礼。唐代尊道教为国教,道教及道家思想渗透到社会各个层面,唐代茶文化深受其影响,唐人常将炼丹与煎茶相互比拟。唐代喜好饮茶、精于茶道的道人颇多,他们多用诗歌描写饮茶生活,唐代文人所写茶诗中经常出现道教意象。在儒释道思想的浸染之下,茶道思想在唐代得以诞生。我们对唐代各家的茶道观进行了辨析,揭示了唐代茶道思想内涵主要有“精”、“洁”、“清”、“俭”等。但唐代茶道思想的发展是自主自发的,缺乏有意识地归纳总结。唐代以后茶道思想并未进一步深化,没能发展成为日本式的成熟茶道。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is the homeland of tea, the birthplace of tea drinking custom, and the wonderland of tea culture. Throughout the developing history of tea culture, Tang Dynasty was a link between past and future times. Reviewing the development status of tea culture in the Tang Dynasty from all-round perspectives, it not only can observe the overall style of the Tang Dynasty culture, but also has great significance for studying the entire development history of tea culture. The paper is divided into six chapters, and carries out a detailed discussion on the tea culture of the Tang Dynasty.The first chapter explores the source of the tea culture in the Tang Dynasty. There have always been different views on the origin time of tea. After the analysis on the documentary records in the Pre-Qin period, the author has found these records can not be trusted. By adopting the method of "double evidence for the existence", from the analysis of historical records and archaeological, it is believed that tea takes its source at Western Han Dynasty. And it gives an introduction and review of tea and tea culture, and the developing situation before the Tang Dynasty. This period of history is divided into:three Kingdoms period, the Jin Dynasties, Northern and Southern Dynasties. In these three periods, tea culture has experienced initial development. On one hand, it enriches the connotation of tea; on the other hand, it creates the conditions and atmosphere for further spread of the tea drinking in the Tang Dynasty. Finally, from the perspective of sound form and meaning of the word tea, the historical dimension of tea culture in the Tang Dynasty, and manifestations of tea culture prosperity, the author believes that the tea culture "flourished and prospered in the Tang Dynasty".The second chapter attempts to find the track of tea drinking atmosphere in the Tang Dynasty. It focuses on the analysis of the time phrases and geographical ductility of the Tang Dynasty tea culture development. According to the different developing degrees of tea culture in the Tang Dynasty, it can be divided into four stages:from the early Tang Dynasty to middle period of Kaiyuan, from later period of Kaiyuan to early period of Jianzhong, from Jianzhong period to Xiantong period. And then, from the perspectives of social external conditions, essential objective conditions, characteristics of the tea itself, we carried out a comprehensive survey on the rapid development and prosperity of tea culture in Tang Dynasty. Tang Dynasty’s tea culture has spread beyond the Great Wall to the frontier minority tribes, and even to the foreign countries. There are mainly three lines towards west, south and east directions for external communication of tea and tea culture of Tang Dynasty, among which the east line to Korean Peninsula and Japan has exerted most extensive influences. At last historical context of extraterritorial spread of Tang Dynasty tea and tea culture are analyzed and summarized. The author believes that the spread of this period has focused on the communication and exchange of cultural, spiritual and aesthetic feelings, flowing from the culture highland to culture lowland. And monks were the main force of dissemination medium.The third chapter discusses the tea industry and system in Tang Dynasty. Tea cultivation and processing technology in Tang Dynasty has already become relatively mature, and the origin of tea is quite extensive. During this period, there is an increasing number of consumer demands in tea products, which stimulates the tea production and trade in the Tang Dynasty and forms different types of merchant groups. In the meantime, tribute tea system began to establish in Tang Dynasty, and since then tea was regarded as tribute of local products. The government has set up the official baking house for tea, and commissioner was appointed relevant supervision and management. Gu Zhu tribute tea house is the most famous one among them. Tea policies also began in the Tang Dynasty. The author combs Tang Dynasty’s tea tax levy and changing history of the policy, and finds out the characteristics of tea tax in Tang Dynasty, which are as followed:the tea tax rate was constantly adjusted; taxation principles and standards were continuously changing; the scope of taxation kept expanding; the tea tax levy of central and local government were always in the gaming state.Chapter four discusses the combination of tea and life in Tang Dynasty. It was quite popular to drink tea in the palace during Tang Dynasty, and tea plays an important role in a variety of occasions. The author thinks that tea drinking in the palace of Tang Dynasty reflects various characteristics, for example, they value prosperity, grade, luxury, etiquette, harmony and pleasure. The atmosphere of tea drinking in the palace has also brought influences on literati. As the spring tea came to the market, literati often send tea and poems to each other as gifts. At the literary gatherings, tea has gradually occupied the leading role, becoming a comprehensive cultural activity. This paper also combs folk tea drinking activities in Tang Dynasty, and finds out that tea has become civilian living necessities. The teahouse which represents the folk culture has also initially developed in the Tang Dynasty. The chapter five elaborates the form and essence of the tea culture in Tang Dynasty. Tea art is about the technique of tea drinking, which mainly includes three links, such as tea making techniques, tea cooking skills and tea tasting art. In accordance to this, we analyze the development status of tea art in Tang Dynasty. Tea making techniques mainly have seven steps:picking tea, steaming tea, pounding tea, patting tea, baking tea, threading tea and hiding tea. Tea cooking skills mainly have several links:getting water, baking tea, sieving tea, grinding tea, getting fire and boiling. Tang Chinese Tang tea tasting mainly experiences from six angles: appreciating soup form, watching tea color, smelling tea flavor, enjoying seawares and tasting ideal condition. The environment of tea tasting is diversified. During the tea tasting process, it accompanies a variety of art activities. Tang Chinese reach the nature-man integration and unity.The sixth chapter discusses the spirit of tea culture in Tang Dynasty, which mainly analyzes the relationship of tea and Buddhism Taoism as well as tea ceremony in Tang Dynasty. Its own characteristics have met the needs of monks’meditation practice. They taste, fry tea and meditate relying on tea. They can’t be separated from tea all the time. On this basis, it formed a set of unique Buddhist tea ceremony in Tang Dynasty. And it regarded Taoism as its state religion in Tang Dynasty. Taoism as well as Taoist ideas penetrated into all levels of society. Tea culture in Tang Dynasty was exerted a great influence by Taoism. Tang Chinese always compared alchemy with tea boiling. People liked drinking tea in Tang Dynasty, and a large number of people were adept in tea ceremony. They mostly use poetry to describe their tea drinking life. Literary intellectuals in Tang Dynasty often wrote Taoist imagery in their tea poets. Influenced by Confucianism and Taoism, tea ceremony thought was born in Tang Dynasty. We analyze tea ceremony concept of each master in Tang Dynasty, and reveal its tea ceremony ideas, which mainly includes "refined""clean""clear" and" thrifty". But the development of tea ceremony ideas is autonomous and spontaneous, lacking conscious generalization and summarization in Tang Dynasty. Since then, tea ceremony did not further deepen and developed into a mature Japanese-style tea ceremony.更多还原