【作者】 杨星丽；

【导师】 周群；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 文艺学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 唐五代诗格理论的研究自上世纪三四十年代以来,虽屡有成果,却建树无多。探讨多停留于某家、某论或某时段的零散研究,并未梳理诗格的理论机制和构架,更没有关注其理论建设成果的总结。原因在于重视魏晋、明清文论而轻疏唐宋,不能对其琐碎、零散、相互交叉、重复、片言只语式的理论论断进行探赜索隐。还在于缺乏有效的理论工具和方法借鉴。因此造成对对诗格理论研究的不足。诗格是主要针对近体诗形式诸要素安排布局的诗歌批评形态。其目的在于通过探求艺术语言的特殊功能,制定从音声到意义及审美的统一程序,或者说是建立一种象意的表里结构。这一点,正可以从古代易学、哲学中关于意象言关系的论述中寻找到原始解释依据。诗格的产生正是由于诗论家受此思维模式的启发,参透了语言形式的机密,思考在新型的诗体中,如何实现三者的语义转化和同构关系,从而最终实现从技法到艺术、从格式到意义效果的疏通和精进；实现从格法到心灵、由技艺至形而上学精神根柢的飞跃。具体而言,诗格重在对诗的形式层面,进行点、线、面、体的依次建构。固定诗的字数、句数、联数,规定音声的平仄、用韵、粘对、对仗等。力求每个字、每个句子和每一联都有不容置换的地位和表意任务。既要前后贯通、一脉相承,同一位置又可选用不同的的词语,形成纵横两向的表意坐标。对诗人如何熟稔把玩语言提出了最高要求,即以最少的文字表达最丰富的语义,以最具限制的布局展现出纵横变转的气势与韵味无穷的意境,以形成具有不同艺术感染力的风格。但诗格理论并不求形式处处精工,而是追求形式建构的意义和审美效果；并不要求恪守死法,而是主张超然于法,灵活运用,体会一种自然、宇宙精神和智慧精神的诗之道。本文正是以由技法到艺术的理论思维为出发点,梳理诗格理论所解决的,形式如何增强诗歌语言表意功能,如何建构审美效应的问题：诗格声律论。主要包括声韵、对偶和病犯三个方面。声韵上,梳理出古诗从“五音”调声到永明体以“四声”论调,再到近体诗用“平仄”区分声调的层层简化过程,揭示诗格声律论对永明声律论的革新和超越；对偶上,主要论述对偶对篇章严整性建构、意义表达圆融化及时空交融审美性的意义。病犯的梳理也遵循由音声法则到语义及审美效果扩张的原则。诗格体势论。主要梳理“体”、“势”及“式”、“门”的内涵,其含义层次与对诗格之“格”相同,都体现了由基本声律形式,艺术表现手法到意境风格的层次递推。重点论述诗的体势在章句结构和修辞格法上的表现。对“体势”论的条分缕析,同时也有利于建构诗格理论的术语概念体系。诗格意境论。主要从王昌龄所提“凝心、炼意”、“目击其物”、“巧运言辞”三个阶段来探讨意境的形式化生成,也就是揭示诗格意境理论对意、象、言三者关系的再阐释。第一阶段不仅探讨诗人要“澄心静虑”,还突出诗格理论中对“文外重旨”和诗意含蓄性的强调,从而引出搜求意象的过程。进而论述“意象”类型化的重要问题。最后探析用典和景情理综合配置的形式构建对类型化意象的容纳。诗格风格论。主要以晚唐五代的“三本”、“五趣向”等高度凝练的论断为本,揭示出风格是在声律、体势、意境之上最终表现出的审美效应,是一种综合指标。并以皎然“十九字”等为对象,分析形成风格的诸种因素。进而区分正格和变格两类风格。本文还分析诗格理论与六朝文论、诗话、风雅批评的不同点和观念沟通之处,揭示出其既舍弃高言大论,又非形式主义的理论特征。总结出诗格从写作论出发无意中取得的重要理论贡献：建构了相对完善的术语体系；完成了时空转化：确立能指和所指关系；融汇历时与共时；勾连格律和艺术：穿通表层和深层结构：最终完成审美思想的高度实现。寻绎了艺术技巧专门化研究的内核,对后世诗学批评和创作意义深远。重估其在中国文学史、诗学史和文学批评史上的地位和价值,在当下研究中意义非常重大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research of the poetic form theory of Tang and the Five dynasties since1930s and1940s have made a lot of achievements,but there are so many problems and deficiencies. These studies did not establish theoretical mechanism,did not summary its corresponding results of theoretical construction but only stayed in fragment research to someone,some theory and any period of time.The reason is that researchers payed more attention to voluminous theories of Wei and Jin dynasties than short works of Tang and Song dynasties.They did not explore to its thesis which trivial,scattered,cross,repeat even too simple appeared to sort out materials.Another reason is they were short of effective theory means and methods.Therefore they had partial opinion to poetic form theory.Poetic form theory is a pattern of poetry criticism regarding verses form structure.which purpose is to draw up uniform procedure from tone,rhythm to significance and aesthetic effect,establish a surface and deep structure.This can found the interpretation of the evidence about relationship to intents,images and diction from Chinese archaic philosophy and Book of change.So,shaping of Poetic form theory was the consequence that theorists discovered confidence of words form inspired this mode of thinking,they pondered how to realize transformation semantic and isomorphic relationship of meaning,images and diction using new verse,and realize transformation form technique to art,from form to concepts,from method to spirit,and from artistry to metaphysics.Specifically,Poetic form theory focuses on constructing from point,line,aspect to system in proper order on poetry form.It fixes poetry’s words choice,periods,couplets,and tone,rhyming,antithesis and etc.It requires that each word,each periods and each couplet have only function and token role,these words and period-making must link up,one position may choose different terms in order to form coordinate horizontal and vertical.That requests poet use of language skillfully to express most abundant meanings applying least words,to show a air and momentum,broad artistic conception, style with different artic verve.But poetic form theory does not pursue all neat in a poetry but significance and aesthetic effect,does not pursue complying rules strictly but facile grasping,so that poet can experience natural spirit and wisdom spirit.This article starts with theory thinking that from technique to art,sorts out the problems about how to increase expressing function of poetry language how to show aesthetic effect,solved by poetic form theory.Rhythm theory of poetic form theory mainly comprises tone and rhythm,couplets and foul.In aspect about tone and rhythm,this article sorts out from " Five tones " to "four tone" to "two tone", gradually simplified,reveal innovation and exceeding of rhythm theory of poetic form theory to which of YongMing dynasties.In aspect about couplets,discusses meanings of couplets,for example,constructing neat paragraphs, completely expressing significance and communicate time and space. Sorting out to foul also follows above principle.The momentum of style theory.This article sorts out the meanings of "forms"" momentum "," forms " and " approach ",their ideals are the same of " form ",reflet progressive from tone and rhythm style to rhetoric to artistic conception and artic style,mainly discuss the expression of forms and momentum in lines and stanza structure and rhetoric rules.These discussing are beneficial of constructing the terminology system about Rhythm theory of poetic form theory.The theory of artistic conception.This article discusses generating of artistic conception in three stages," remove distraction "," observe images attentively ""masterly make use of characters ",that is to reveal reexplaining of Rhythm theory of poetic form theory to meanings,images and language.In the first stage,the text not only probes the poets must " remove distraction " but also emphasizes layered significance and reserve within,lead to the process of impression searching.Following, demonstrate the important problem:images constitute type.lastly,analysis how form constructing for using allusion and portion scenery,mind expressing and principle to accommodate the typed images.The theory of artic style.Discusses mainly " three basics’,"five kinds of interests and flavors",reveal the artic style is a aesthetic effect and synthesized index by means of rhythm,momentum of style and imposing manner and artistic conception.Analysis various factors which can construct artic style,for instance of "nineteen characters" and distinguish pure artic style and deviation artic style.This article also discusses the differences and the same points between poetic form theory and literary theory in " six " dynasties,remarks on poetry in Song dynasties and tradition poetry theory.reveal critical characteristical of poetic form theory that it abandons tirade and it is non-formalism. Summarize the contributions of:Construct relative perfect system of terminology transform time and space;establish signifier and signified;integrate the diachronic and synchronic;communicate rhythm and art;feedthrough the denotation and connotation;realize aesthetic thought highly.This article also discusses the differences and the same points between poetic form theory and literary theory in " six " dynasties,remarks on poetry in Song dynasties and tradition poetry theory.reveal critical characteristical of poetic form theory that it abandons tirade and it is non-formalism. Summarize the contributions of:Construct relative perfect system of terminology;transform time and space;establish signifier and signified;integrate the diachronic and synchronic;communicate rhythm and art;feedthrough the denotation and connotation;realize aesthetic thought highly.succeed finding the key to study specially artistic skills,all above that have important significance to poetry criticism and poetry writing in future generations. So,re-evaluating its position and value in history of Chinese literature,poetics and literary criticism have very profound and lasting meaning.更多还原