【作者】 龚义年；

【导师】 李永升；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 刑法学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 在“以人为本”为核心的科学发展观指导下，构建和谐社会已经成为时代主题，而宽容是社会和谐的重要前提和基本精神。因此，研究刑法宽容问题实属必要，乃大势所趋。然而，目前刑法学界虽然对刑法宽容问题已有所涉及，但是不够系统和深入，这无疑影响了刑法宽容思想的贯彻落实。有鉴于此，笔者不揣鄙陋，试图运用多学科知识，对刑法宽容问题进行较为系统深入的研究，以期为构建和谐社会贡献绵薄之力。本文主要从以下几个方面对刑法宽容问题进行研究：一、刑法宽容的基本要义。主要探讨了宽容的含义及其限度、刑法宽容的含义及其限度，以此作为本课题研究的逻辑起点。二、刑法宽容的思想渊源。对古今中外刑法宽容思想源流进行探讨，说明刑法宽容思想不是突然闪现的，而是具有深厚的历史底蕴，同时通过对刑法宽容思想的历史演变进行简要梳理，以便古为今用，洋为中用。三、刑法不宽容的历史反思。通过对重刑主义及其历史后果、"严打”及其负面效应的阐述，深入分析了重刑主义的种种弊端，以破除人们对重刑主义的迷思，从而为刑法宽容化幵启“破冰之旅”。四、刑法宽容的理论根据。首先，探讨了刑法宽容的哲学根据。刑法宽容作为一种法律实践，并不是凭空而来的，在其背后具有很深的哲学根基。世界的差异性是刑法宽容的本体论根据，认识的相对性、局限性和可错性是刑法宽容的认识论根据，人的凡俗性、有限性、矛盾性是刑法宽容的人性论基础。其次，探讨了刑法宽容的犯罪学根据。从某种意义上说，有什么样的犯罪观就有什么样的刑法观。面对冰冷的刑法，犯罪学带来了科学的、人道的因素。由于犯罪犯罪原因的复杂性、犯罪现象的相对性、犯罪功能的多样性，使人们对犯罪的认识和对待少了情感性而多了理智性，从而催生了刑法的宽容性。最后，探讨了刑法宽容的刑法学根据。在法律体系中，刑法是其他部门法的保障法，在大多数情况下充当"第二道防线”，不到万不得已的时候不得动用刑法。刑法不仅具有社会保护功能，同时也具有人权保障功能。此外，刑法发展的总体趋势是逐渐宽缓的。因此，从刑法在法律体系中的地位、刑法的人权保障机能以及刑法趋势的宽缓化来看，都要求刑法具有宽容性。五、刑法宽容的社会基础。首先，探讨了刑法宽容的政治基础。刑法宽严与政体的性质有着密切的联系。严峻的刑法比较适宜于以恐怖为原则的专制政体，在政治宽和的国家里，防止犯罪不需要多大的强力。政治生活的民主化，是我国当前政治的主要发展趋势，因而为政治刑法向市民刑法转变提供了政治条件。其次，探讨了刑法宽容的经济基础。刑法进化史表明，经济的发展促进了刑法的轻缓化。市场经济是自由经济，因此，刑事干预社会生活的范围应当适度，干预的力度应当有所节制，只有轻缓化的刑罚，才能为市场经济的发展提供宽松的社会法制环境。最后，探讨了刑法宽容的道德基础。任何社会的法律都必然或多或少地反映该社会占主导地位的德观念，法律所包含的评价标准与大多数公民最基本的道德信念通常是一致或接近的。历史地考察，古代法的一个重要特征就是与占主导地位的道德在内容上高度重合，而在现代，“法律是最低限度的道德”则几成通论。那么，随着道德的宽容，人际关系的自由空间的扩大，道德的外在强制性逐渐减少，个人自由选择的余地越来越大。在这种情况下，刑法走向宽容不仅可能，而且必然。六、刑法宽容的刑事政策导向。刑事政策是刑法的灵魂与核心，刑法是刑事政策的条文化与定型化。因此，刑事政策对于刑法的发展具有直接的指导意义。刑事立法受刑事政策指导，刑事政策的变化影响刑事立法的变化，如果刑事政策注意某个方面，刑事立法也就倾向于此。作为对“严打”政策的反思和修正，宽严相济刑事政策的侧重点在于“宽”，这就为刑法宽容化提供了刑事政策上的依据。七、刑法宽容的世界潮流。世界刑法正向着轻缓化方向发展，当代世界性刑法改革运动的两大主题是非犯罪化和非刑罚化，而非犯罪化和非刑罚化正是刑法宽容化的体现。此外，废除死刑不再仅仅是呐喊的口号，也不再是少数国家的尝试，而是成为越来越多国家的法律实践。尽管在20世纪70年代以后，强硬主义刑事政策在部分西方国家有重新抬头之势，然而宽容化仍然是当代世界刑法发展的总体趋势。八、刑法宽容的中国路径。中国居于世界重要位置，理应融入刑法宽容化的世界潮流之中，并做出自己的贡献。但是，中国具有自己的国情，在刑法宽容问题上，不能完全照搬照抄别国的做法，而是要立足中国实际，同时借鉴外国的成功经验，走出具有中国特色的刑法宽容之路。本文主要从无被害人犯罪之非犯罪化、亲亲相隐制度之激活、死刑的严格控制以及社区刑罚制度的立法完善等方面，阐述我国实现刑法宽容的具体路径更多还原

【Abstract】 In the "people-oriented" as the core of the scientific development concept as theinstruction，constructing the harmonious society has become the epochal theme, and toleranceis the important prerequisite and harmonious society basic spirit. Therefore, the criminal lawtolerance is necessary, but the trend of the Times problem. However, the criminal laweducational world although the criminal law has been involved, tolerance problems and indepth, but not enough system undoubtedly influenced the implementation of the criminal lawtolerance thought. In view of this, the author arrived, trying to multi-disciplinary givenknowledge, the criminal law tolerance problem systematic in-depth research, in order tocontribute to construct harmonious society bit. This article mainly from the following aspectsof the criminal law are studied: tolerance problemOne, the essential meaning of criminal law tolerance. Mainly discusses the generalmeaning, tolerance of criminal law and cirminal law basic connotation tolerance of tolerance,as a necessary limit the logic starting point of this research.Second, the criminal law thoughts origin of forgiveness. The protect of criminal law,discusses the origin of tolerance thought that criminal law ideas do not suddenly lfashedtolerance, but a deep historic background, and at the same time through the criminal law onthe historical evolution of the tolerance thoughts, so that make the past serve the present,briefly methodizing foreign things serve.Three, criminal law intolerant history relfection. Based on the consequences ofpan-moral and its history, and its negative effects of analysis, the paper analysis themalpractices of pan-moral, to break the people to the myth of pan-moral and changes open forthe criminal law tolerance "ice-breaking".Four, the theory according to the criminal law tolerance. First, probes into the philosophyof criminal law according to tolerance. The diversity of the world is the criminal law tolerantontology, the relativity, according to understanding the limitations and error of criminal law,the epistemology tolerance according to the ordinary sex and limitation of the human is thecriminal law tolerance foundation. Secondly, discusses the criminology according to criminallaw tolerance. Due to the complexity of the criminal crime causes the relativity, crime, crimeconcept of diversity of the function of crime, make people know and treat less emotional but had sanity, thus spawned are criminal law. At last, this paper explores the punishment lawaccording to the criminal law tolerance. Criminal law and criminal law the supplementaryfunction of the ensured human rights and the mitigation of the criminal law trend, requirewide with are the cirminal law.Five, the criminal law tolerance social basis. First, probes into the political base of thecriminal law tolerance. The nature of the criminal law KuanYan and regime has close ties.Serious cirminal law with terrorist suitable for principle in the autocratic system, the countryin political width, prevent crime does’nt need much powerful. The democratization of politicallife, is China’s current political the main trend of the criminal law, which is provides politicalcondition of toleration. Secondly, discusses the economic base of criminal law tolerance.History shows that the criminal law of criminal law, economic basis of decisive role incriminal law, economic development has important inlfuence of tolerance. At last, this paperexplores the moral foundation of the criminal law tolerance. Criminal law and morality as thefoundation, as moral tolerance, interpersonal free space expands, moral external mandatorygradually decrease，individual freedom option is more and more big. In this case, the criminallaw to not only possible, but also necessary tolerance.Six，the criminal law of criminal policy oriented. Tolerance Criminal policy is the coreand soul of criminal law, criminal law is the culture and the criminal policy of standard.Therefore, the development of criminal policy for criminal law have direct instructionmeaning. Criminal legislation, by criminal policy guidance criminal policy changes thatcriminal legislation criminal policy changes, if the criminal legislation aspect，attention isinclined to this. As for "crackdown" policy and reflection of the criminal policy of tempeirngjustice with mercy "correction" wide "nip is, it is criminal law of criminal policy toleranceprovides the basis.Seven, criminal law tolerant world trend. World criminal law is toward light directiondevelopment, mitigation of contemporary criminal law reform movement in the world of twothemes are crime and depolarization, rather than crime is changed and depolarization is theembodiment of the criminal law of tolerance. In additiont, abolished the death penaly is nolonger just Shouting sloganstem, also no longer is one of the few countries atpt, but to becomemore and more national legal practice in contemporary world of, tolerance is the general trenddevelopment of criminal law.Eight, the criminal law of China path tolerance. China occupies an important position in the world, should be the world of cirminal law tolerance stream, and make their contribution.But China has its own national conditions, in criminal law, c’ant completely tolerance thepractice of other countries copied, but should be based on the reality of China, and foreignsuccessful experience for reference with Chinese characteristics, out of the way. Tolerance ofcriminal law This article mainly from the cirme of the crime of strictly controlling, the deathpenalty and punishment system of community legislation, etc, the discussion of Chi’nascriminal law the concrete path realize tolerance.更多还原