【作者】 田青；

【导师】 陈卫民；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 人口、资源与环境经济学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 自改革开放以来，农村劳动力由有限的土地上富余出来，投入到非农产业活动中，获得了工资性收入，使得农村居民收入区域差异明显化。众多学者对产生这一现象的原因进行了探讨，主要包括对非农就业和非农收入的研究。教育作为人力资本投资的重要形式，对就业和收入起着重要的影响作用，因此，更多的研究是分析了教育在非农就业和非农收入上的回报。许多学者采用不同的数据和方法估计了教育的回报率。社会分层结构理论认为，在决定就业和收入时，制度和结构因素比个人特征（如个人受教育年限、婚姻状况、年龄、工作经验等）更重要，有时个人特征的作用要受到制度和结构因素的影响。我国地理区域大，各地区在经济、社会发展水平上存在显著差异，地区因素便成为一个重要的制度和结构因素，影响着个人教育特征在非农就业和收入中的作用。在社会分层结构理论框架下，参考前人的研究，本研究将重点分析教育对我国农村居民非农就业影响的地区差异，包括教育对非农就业机会和非农工资性收入影响的地区差异，即分析教育回报率的地区差异，并探讨哪些地区因素影响了教育对非农就业机会和非农工资性收入的作用。本研究根据对相关文献的阅读和理解，探讨了对非农就业机会和非农工资性收入具有重要影响的地区因素，包括乡镇企业、第二、三产业的发展、城市化、出口贸易、人均耕地面积和人口迁移。这些因素在地区间存在较大差异，为农村居民提供的非农就业机会和工资性收入不同，影响到教育的作用，导致教育回报率的地区差异。本研究利用中国健康与营养调查数据（CHNS）和对应九个省的地区变量数据对接而成的分层数据，分别使用分层一般化线性模型和分层线性模型估计了非农就业机会和非农工资性收入的教育回报率。通过实证分析，发现以下三个现象：第一，尽管非农工资性收入在地区之间存在差异，但是，教育对非农工资性收入的影响却不存在地区差异，即非农工资性收入的教育回报率的地区差异不显著。第二，教育对非农就业机会的影响存在地区差异，即非农就业机会的教育回报率的地区差异比较显著。第三，出口贸易和第二、三产业发展对教育在非农就业中作用具有显著影响。通过计算这两个变量对教育回报率的影响发现，出口贸易的发展，不利于教育回报率的提高，而第二、三产业发展能够促进教育回报率的提高。出口贸易和第二、三产业发展在地区之间的差异，在一定程度上能够解释非农就业教育回报率在地区之间的差异。根据本研究的发现，结合中国农村各地区的教育情况，文章最后提出以下政策建议：促进东部地区向中西部地区进行出口加工贸易产业转移；推动东部地区第二、三产业发展，主要包括加快东部地区第二产业就地内部升级和加快东部地区第三产业发展；促进农村教育发展，一方面要促进教育的均衡发展，缩小地区之间的差异，另一方面，要优化农村的教育结构，促进基础教育和职业教育的共同发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 With more and more rural residents work in non-farm sector since instead oftraditional farm work in recent years, income difference among rural residents hasbecome larger than before. Researchers have analyzed the issue of enlarging incomedifference from the feature of non-farm employment and non-farm income. As animportant factor in determining human capital and thereby income, the impact ofeducation on non-farm employment and income have been thoroughly analyzed.Specially, returns to education have been estimated with various samples andstatistical methods.Proponents of social stratification theory argue that institutional and structuralfactors play bigger role in determining employment and income than individualfactors, such as years of education, marital status, ages and experiences, and the latterfactors may subject to the impact of the former factors. Considering the huge regionaldifference in terms of their institution and industry structure, regional factor is thushighly important in determine the effect of education on non-farm employment andincome. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the regional difference in term ofeducation’s impact on non-farm employment and income, and its determinants.Based on previous research, we make an thorough examination on possibleimportant regional factors in determining education’s impact on non-farmemployment and income, including township enterprise, development of the secondand third industry, urbanization, export, per capita arable land, labor migration and thecondition of labor market. These factors vary largely in different regions, resulting inregional differences in returns to education through their impact on supply ofnon-farm employment. Using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models andHierarchical Linear Models, we estimate returns to education and non-farmemployment opportunity with China Health and Nutrition Survey data andhierarchical data for nine provinces. We have three discoveries: Firstly, there is nosignificant regional difference in terms of education’s impact on non-farm wage income, although there is indeed regional difference in non-farm income; Secondly,there is significant regional difference in education’s impact on non-farmemploymentopportunity;Finally, Export and development of the second and third industry cansignificantly influence education’s impact on non-farm employment, with the formerpositive influence and the latter negative. Moreover, differences in these factors canaccount to certain degree for the regional difference in returns to education innon-farm employment.Based on this paper’s analysis, we offer the following policy suggestions:making effort to transfer export industry from east China the West China; tryingharder to develop the second and third industry in east China, especially to upgradethe second industry; developing education in rural area with an special eye to regionalbalance and the development of fundamental education and professional education.更多还原