【作者】 吴志远；

【导师】 许檀；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 河南位于华北平原的南部，与直隶、山东、山西、陕西、湖北、安徽等省相连。由于气候适宜，自然资源较好，水源充足，是华北平原重要的农业产区。由于省内复杂的地理条件，形成了不同的经济小区。清代以来，通过农业的恢复与发展，人口增加，耕地面积较明代有所提高。在农业生产方面，开始普遍实行农作物复种为主的两年三熟制和一年两熟制，玉米、番薯等引进作物得到普遍种植。农作物的复种，域外作物的普及，使单位面积产量得到提高。经济作物的商品化生产加强，棉花、药材、油料作物被推广种植，为手工业提供了丰富的原材料。因此手工业发展较快，主要有纺织业、采矿业、制瓷业、酿酒业等，出现大量雇佣工人，传统经济结构被打破，有利于商品经济的发展。粮食、棉花、药材，是清代河南最重要的生活资料和农业产品。城乡集市是其流通的初级市场。在集市中，粮食、棉花、药材的交易量很大。豫北地区和豫东平原，是粮食的主要产地，粮食集市很多。豫西地区和豫南地区，棉花产量较高，因此集市交易较为频繁。药材产地，成为药材流通的初级市场，辉县、禹州、内乡等地，由于集市众多，药材交易量大。河南地区的重要商镇，是粮食、棉花、药材流通的高级场所，并通过便利的交通，实现更高级的省级流通。土地、牲畜、铁器、资金是河南重要的生产资料。在时间上，清代中期是河南土地市场发育最充分的时期，交易量大，土地价格较高。在空间上，豫西洛阳地区地价较高，土地交易额较大，大多采用民间交易的形式。牲畜是农村集市中重要的商品，牲畜市场的发育，反映了运输业与贩运业的发展。牲畜交易量、牲畜税额在清代中期持续增长。铁器的流通，反映了山西地区与河南地区的商品交换，也是生产资料与生活资料，在不同地区间的优化配置。清代河南城乡典当业发展较快，以当铺为主的典当行很多。在农村地区，资金的流通主要通过小额借贷的形式得以实现。随着生产资料和生活资料在城乡市场的流通，主要商业城镇，在清代中期逐渐繁荣起来。开封、洛阳等城市商业，较明代进一步有所发展。开封商业结构发生变化，市场消费以民用为主。洛阳成为山陕商人绸布业贸易的中心，其城市商业发展状况，极度依赖客商经济。河南重要商镇的经济发展，开始超过开封、洛阳等商业城市。清化、朱仙镇、周家口、赊旗等商镇，交通条件发达，转运贸易兴盛。清化是河南北部最大的铁货集散中心，是山西泽潞地区与河南地区商业贸易的重要场所。朱仙镇和周家口，依靠贾鲁河兴盛起来，转运贸易发达，朱仙镇是清代中期豫北最大的商业城镇，流通范围辐射开封府、归德府以及豫北地区。周家口是豫东地区与江南商品流通的重要枢纽，主要实现河南本省农产品与江南地区粮食、杂货的流通。赊旗是西北地区同江南地区商业贸易的重要枢纽，也是晋商转运茶叶的重要通道。随着商品经济的发展，清代河南本地商人集团逐渐兴起，武安商人和怀庆商人最具代表性。两大商人集团的形成，与当地的交通条件，物产资源的丰富，清中期以来的人口压力，以及客商的地域整合等因素有关。清代中期以来，武安商人和怀庆商人发展很快，其商业规模加大，完成了从行商向坐贾的转变，形成了具有鲜明地缘特色的商人集团。更多还原

【Abstract】 Henan Province was lying at the south of North China Plain, and was near toHebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shanxi, Hubei and Anhui. It was the most important areawhich was good at agriculture as its prefect climate, indefinite resource and water.There are different Economic Zones because its different Geographical conditions.Since Qing Dynasty, the cultivated land areas had improved compared with MingDynasty since the development of agriculture and the expansion of population. As theplant could be multiple cropped, three crops in two years and two crops in oneyear is prevail. The corn and potatoes are widely cropped. The production wasdeveloping fast as the multiple cropping, the new plants, Economic crops showedmore commercialization, cotton, herbal medicine and oil plants were widely grew.The Handicraft industry had a lot of sour resource, it developed fast. Mangy peoplewere employed in spinning, mining, brewing and so on. The old economic structurewas broken, which was benefit for commodity economy.Grain, cotton and herbal medicine could be the most important agricultureproduction and life information in Henan during Qing Dynasty. The market in urbanand village was the junior one, where there was a large trade for grain, cotton andherbal medicine. The grain was the main place of production in north and east Henanprovince. The grain markets were a lot. The cotton had a high production in west andsouth Henan, so is the trade in market. The Hui, Yu, Neixiang, where the herbalmedicine were of a large trade. The important urban, was the senior market in Grain,cotton and herbal trading. Further circulation during the provinces was available sinceconvenient traffic.Land, domestic animals, iron and fund were important means of production inHenan. The middle of Qing Dynasty was the perfect period in Henan’s land market.The land was traded much and had a high price, which was similar with Luoyang.Domestic animals were important commodity in villages. The growing of the marketwas reflecting the transport and trade in distant. During the middle of Qing Dynasty, the tax of domestic animals was always increasing. The circulation of iron, wasreflecting the trade between Henan and Shanxi, and it was the optimal allocation oflife information and means of production in different areas. The pawn brokingbusiness developed fast during Qing Dynasty, the pawnshops were a lot. Thecirculation of small amount fund were popular in villages.The main business urban flourished during the middle of Qing Dynasty since thecirculation in the life information and means of production. Kaifeng and Luoyangdeveloped fast in business compared with Ming Dynasty. The structure of Kaifeng’sbusiness had changed. The expanse in market was the articles of everyday use.Luoyang became the center of cloth merchants from Shanxi and Shanxi. It relies thetravelling trader.The main business towns were superior to Kaifeng and Luoyang. Qinghua town,Zhuxian town, Zhoukou town and Sheqi town had a prefect Tran trade since theirtraffic. Qinghua town was the biggest centre for iron trading, it was also the area ofthe business trade during Shanxi and Henan. Zhuxian town and Zhoukou townflourished by Jalu River. Zhuxian town was the biggest business town in north Henanduring Qing Dynasty, just to work upon Kaifeng, Guide and north Henan. Zhoukoutown was the important business center during South China and east of Henan, fromwhere grain, other commodities could be taken into circulation. Sheqi was theimportant business centre during Northwest China and South China; it was also thepassageway that the Shanxi trader could transport tea.The local merchants were gradually growing since the development ofcommodity economy. Wuan merchants and Huaiqing merchants were representative.The perfect traffic, indefinite resource, the pressure of population during QingDynasty, the connection of traveling traders, made their appearance. Since the middleof Qing Dynasty, the two groups developed fast. They had been local merchant fromtransporting traders as the expanse of their business.更多还原