【作者】 杨晋娟；

【导师】 韩强；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国哲学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 贞观君臣是中国历史上的君臣典范，也是中国传统政治文化所塑造出来的融洽的君臣关系的现实写照。通过探讨贞观君臣的治国思想，进一步分析构建君臣观的理论基石，并深入研究贞观君臣政治理想和政治伦理等问题，能够使我们进一步揭示中国传统政治文化的特点。贞观君臣的治国思想、政治心态以及执政方式，体现了儒家王道思想的实践价值。贞观君臣以史为鉴、以社稷为念，采用为政以德、兼用礼法的治国思想，使他们获得了民心，稳定了社会秩序；他们畏、难、诚的政治心态，使他们能够正视社会问题，在君臣互信的基础上，实现君臣共治。贞观君臣关系的构建体现了传统政治文化的特点，由于古人对天的信仰，使得天命、天道成为君主及其统治合法性的依据，也因此奠定了君臣的政治理想和政治伦理的理论基础。君主依天道建立社会制度和伦理规范，并实行礼仪教化，进一步维系了君臣之义，巩固了君尊臣卑的等级关系。贞观君臣是一个政治理性较高的统治团体，唐太宗文韬武略，群臣大都有王佐之才，是古代君王和士大夫的优秀代表。通过分析他们的政治理想和政治伦理，我们能够认识到中国传统政治文化中一些可资借鉴的部分。任何君王都希望建立一番德业、功业以垂范后世，概而言之，即是希望能够完成上天所赋予的安民止乱的使命，并将天道所彰显的仁爱精神播及四海，实现社会秩序和天下秩序的稳定。而此文治、武功的政治理想则是对君主个人能力的极大考验，同时，这一理想的实现预示着国泰民安、万国来朝的盛世来临。古代君主往往被颂扬为世间最神圣睿智的真命天子，而他们也以传统文化塑造出仁爱、无为、法术等类型的圣王形象作为自己的政治目标，并在实际活动中践行这些圣王的治国方式。士大夫是以弘道者的身份来辅助君主完成天之使命的人，他们奉行儒家思想、以天下为己任，以道协调君民间的矛盾，克行君子人格。然而由于现实中君臣困境的存在，使得君、臣的政治理想的实现困难重重。贞观君臣之所以能够实现这一使命，在于他们有极高的政治认同，他们以至公为原则，互相警诫，并通过制度来规范君主和百官职能，以君主臣辅而非君主臣仆的形式成就了政道。贞观君臣个体的政治素养极高，他们遵循传统政治文化中“正君以正臣民”的思维模式，在政治活动中标榜统治者在改善社会风化中的示范效用，努力地践行仿天地之道而设定的君道、臣道。本文从政治文化的角度反思，以贞观之际君臣关系为个案，探析传统文化中的君臣观，阐明古代尊尊、亲亲的等级制度、君主专制制度和官僚制度下的君、臣、民的政治地位，进一步探讨了皇权的性质及运作方式，分析了造成君臣困境的原因等问题。本文认为由于臣民社会中民的政治身份的缺失、权力的私有化、等级尊卑等问题的存在，是造成我国传统政治文化没有得以健全地发展的主要原因。而要更好地建立公民社会，则应塑造公民完整的政治身份，培养公民道德；明确权力的公共性，树立法治权威；以平等、自由来实现充实个体的尊严，实现个体全面而自由的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between emperor Taizong of Tang and his courtiers is a modelin the history of China, and the real portraiture to the ideal emperor-courtier’sreltionshiop in Chinese traditional political culture.We can find the characters of thetraitional political culture from the theoretical foundation for emperor-courtier’srelationship, and their ruling ideology, political ideal, and political moral.Reflectingon the political phenomenon in the ancient society,we realize the traitional politicalculture’s modern transition.Through the research to Zhen-guan hierarchy’s ruling ideology, politicalmentality, and the reigning way, we find the pratical value of the Confucian kinglyway thought. Learning some lessons from the hisory, they put the country on animportant position, and govern it benevolently by hierarchy and law. So they get thepeople’ trust, and make the society orderly. Because of their fear, hard and sinerepolitical mentality, they can find and solve the social problems and achieve themutual trust. In the traitional political culture, the spirit of the heaven and the mandateof heaven guarantee the legitimacy of the monarch.And they laid the monarch and hisofficials’ political ideal and political ethics theoretical basis. They are themetaphysical basis of the harmonious relationship between the emperor and hisofficials. And the social system is a copy of them. The hierarchy consolidates thenoble-humble relation, with determining the behavior standards of the monarch andhis ministers.The emperor Taizong of Tang and his officials are a group with high politicalrationality and strong political ability.They are also the outstanding delegates in theirgroups. So analyzing their political ideal and political ethics, we can find the activeparts of Chinese traditional political culture. Each monarch hopes to be a model in thehistory with a great achievement of unifing the political power and territory. Thisideal is a trial to his ability. And the realization of the ideal means a prosperous agecoming.The ancient monarch is often praised as the most holy and wisdom, he makesthe sages which are set by traditional political culture as a politial example. The literati-officialdom, with gentleman personality, undertake the task of supporting themonarch to manage the society. Believing in Confucianism, they use the thought todissolve the conflict between monarch and the people. But their missin is carried outvery difficultly.As a result of high political identification, the emperor Taizong ofTang and his officials achieve their political ideals. They put the public as theprinciple, use the system to define their funcaion, and warn each other to do or not todo something. They get the success in a cooperative manner. The emperor Taizong ofTang and his officials have high political qulity. Because the traditional politicalculture emphasizes the moral modeal’s effect, they practise the monarch way andservant way, and improve their moral level hard.From the perspective of political culture, this article analyses the monarch–courtiers’ reltionshiop, elaborates the people’s political status under the hierarchy,autocratic monarchy and bureaucratic system. It discusses the nature of the kingshipand the operation of it, and analysises the reasons of the contradictory betweenmonarch and his officials. With transforming the servants identity, arbitrary rulingway and hierarchy concept, we can shape the complete political identity, cultivate thecitizen moral, clear the nature of public power, and establish legal authority.Removing the negative parts of feudalism, we can achieve the comprehensiveindividual dignity with equality and freedom, and promote civic culture development.更多还原