【作者】 刘季；

【导师】 查洪德；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 元末顾瑛主持的玉山雅集，是中国历史上时间跨度最长、参与人数最多、影响最大的文人雅集，吸引了那个时代几乎所有的诗坛名流。顾瑛的玉山佳处对于元末文人来说，是战乱中一块安定的乐土，是文人心灵的理想国，又成为明清文人一个说不完的话题，是留在中国文人心中的诗坛神话。玉山雅集只能是那个时代的产物，是后世只能追慕不能复制的奇迹。对顾瑛及其玉山雅集作深入考查，认识和感受雅集所体现的文人生活理想、价值追求和人格精神，是一个很有价值的学术课题。探讨这一雅集与元末诗坛的关系，对于元代文学史的研究和中国诗史研究，都具有重要意义。论文主体内容分七章，第一章是对于元末政治格局和元末诗坛情况的介绍，探讨元末江南一带政治环境、经济条件和文学发展的大背景，以及元末东南地区士人的生存状态。第二章主要介绍顾瑛的生平和玉山雅集。首先是通过对顾瑛诗歌作品的整理，阐释他的多面人格与多变诗风，并分析其人格与诗风的成因和表现方式。然后梳理中国古代文人雅集的源流，以及吴中地区雅集之所以兴盛的原因，并以玉山雅集为例介绍元末文人雅集的新特点。第三章着眼于玉山雅集的诗歌作品。以玉山雅集的和韵诗、分题分韵诗、联句诗以及诗中频繁出现的意象等等为对象，通过对雅集倡和诗的梳理与分析得出雅集诗歌的崇杜倾向以及以诗为戏的创作态度和文学价值观，归纳总结玉山诗歌创作的特点。展示元代文人雅集的多样化，雅集诗求新求奇的取向。第四章主要是对玉山雅集宾客的一个研究。玉山宾客可以看做是元末诗坛的一个标本，通过这个标本，可以具体地认识和把握元末诗坛，特别是东南诗坛。顾瑛几乎与同时期所有在吴中活动过的文人都有交往，与他唱和的有名有姓，有作品流传下来的多达二百多人。他们中有元末著名的诗文家、画家、散曲作家。有是本地的文人学者，还有是因流寓、游学、仕宦等原因路经吴地的文人。除了汉族士人之外，还包括蒙、回等非汉族士人，他们与汉族士人一起燕游唱和，真诚交往，共同唱响了玉山诗歌不朽的篇章。本章另将宗教信仰作为区分标准，单列玉山佳处的特殊宾客，他们包括僧侣、道士，答失蛮（伊斯兰教背景）和也里可温（基督教背景），以及他们在雅集上的表现和诗歌创作的特点。力图从宾客构成的复杂性这一点来揭示玉山雅集是一个多元化、跨地域、多层次、多政治取向、各民族文人共同拥有的一个文人雅集，说明玉山雅集以其超越时代的包容性，成为当时文人的一个共有的精神家园。由玉山宾客构成的这些特点，在一定程度上体现了元末诗坛的特点。玉山雅集最为独特之处是它的纯粹性。以顾瑛为例，他召集如此大规模的文人雅集，几乎倾尽所有，只是要追求一种文人化、理想化、艺术化的生活，除此之外，别无所求。既无攀附之意，也无功利之想。玉山雅集诗人的活动，对元末的文学风貌、文化精神都有着深远地影响，所以论文的第五章是对雅集诗人心态的研究。通过他们心态的递变、出世之想与用世之心的矛盾以及慕雅情结的分析，揭示元末诗人独特的心态与心灵追求，即保持文人的独立人格，以一种雅逸的、艺术化的方式追求自己生命体验的完满等。第六章是关于玉山雅集与同时期文人雅集关系的研究。分为两个方面，一是考察其同时期其他文人雅集的相同相似之处；二是考察比对玉山雅集与同时期文人雅集的相异互补之处。在对比的过程中揭橥吴中文人雅集的关联与交流情况，以便更加清晰地了解顾瑛以及玉山雅集的独特之处。论文的最后一章是考察玉山雅集对元代文学的影响。主要是从元末士风与诗风两方面进行考量。玉山雅集诗歌结集刊行的包括《玉山璞稿》、《玉山名胜集》、《草堂雅集》、《玉山纪游》、《玉山倡和》、《玉山遗什》等等，收录了雅集唱和中的大部分诗作。这其中几乎包含了元代后期全部著名诗人的诗作，作品的数量占元代后期诗歌总数的十分之一。可以这样说，如果没有玉山雅集，元末诗坛可能会是另一种面貌。玉山雅集超长的时间跨度和宾主潇洒自适的行为方式，无疑都对元末的诗坛和士人产生了巨大的影响。玉山雅集作为元代规模最大的文人雅集，以其无不涵容的气度成为中国古代独有的文化史现象。论文最后的余论主要探讨诗歌创作以外的雅集文化生活。这里探讨玉山宾佳处的诗、书、画、乐、茶道等，以求对玉山雅集有一个全面、详细的了解，尽可能地还原雅集当时的面貌。更多还原

【Abstract】 Yushan Literati Gathering created and hosted by Gu Ying (a Kunshan native in thelate Yuan Dynasty) represents a poem&wine literati gathering which is featured bythe longest time span, the most participants, the largest scale and the most influentialone in Chinese history of literature, and it attracted almost all distinguished poets atthat time. Yushanjiachu (place of holding literati gathering) is a peaceful paradiseagainst the backdrop of wars, an ideal state in the hearts of literati, and it remains anendless a topic for literati of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and a mythology of thepoetic circle for Chinese literati. Gu Ying and Yushan Literati Gathering can not beanything but the outcome of the age when Gu Ying lived, a result of pursuingdiversified literati’s concept and their personality, and a wonder which can only bechased for but not be copied after thought shackles on literati of the Ming and QingDynasties are reinforced. In this sense, Yushan Literati Gathering is a non-ignorablecoordinate in the development history of Chinese literature, and it is the existence ofYushan Literati Gathering that provides a foothold for researching on psychology ofliterati in the late Yuan Dynasty.The paper is composed of seven chapters, of which, Chapter one makes anintroduction to the political pattern and poetic circle in the late Yuan Dynasty,discusses the political environment, economic condition and general background ofliterature development in the lower reach of the Yangtze River at that time, as well asliving status of scholars in southeast China; chapter two briefs on the life of Gu Yingand Yushan Literati Gathering. To be specific, it firstly expounds on multiplepersonalities and changeable style of Gu Ying based on collection of his works, andanalyzes causes of his personality and poet style as well as way of expression; then itstudies on Yushan Literati Gathering, combs sources of ancient Chinese literatigathering and the reason of flourishing literati gathering in Wuzhong area, andintroduces new features of literati gathering in the late Yuan Dynasty by taking Yushan Literati Gathering as an example.Chapter three focuses on the poetries collected in Yushan Literati Gathering. Bycombing and analyzing antiphon poetry, and with poems with the same rhythm,sub-theme poems and sub-verses, associated couplet style of poetry and imagesfrequently adopted in poems as objects, the paper concludes the trend of admirationfor Du Fu and poetry creation activities featuring taking poems as dramas, andsummarizes features of Yushan poem creation, showcasing diverse literati gatheringof the Yuan Dynasty and novelty-pursuing poetry creation activities. Chapter fourmainly discusses guests of Yushan Literati Gathering. Gu Ying communicated withalmost all literati active in Wuzhong area at that time, and200of which passed downtheir antiphon poetries. These literati include famous poem&prose writers, paintersand verse writers of the late Yuan Dynasty, some are local literati and scholars; whileothers are literati via Wuzhong area due to relocation, making study or taking office.In terms of nationality composition, they cover scholars of four groups: the Mongolia,the Semu people, the Han people and the Southern people during the Mongolia-YuanDynasty. This chapter classifies the poets participated in the gathering based on theirclose or distant relationships with Gu Ying, influences of their works left to the nextgenerations and frequency standard presented at the gathering. Beyond that, religiousbelieves are taken as criteria in classifying special guests of Yushanjiachu, includingmonks, Taoists, Dnishmands (with Islamism background) and Yelikewen people (withChristianity background), and their performance at the gathering and poet creationstyles are also discussed in this chapter, with the aim to reveal from the complexcomposition of the guests that Yushan Literati Gathering is a diverse, trans-regional,multi-level and multi-political orientated one shared by literati of all nationalities, thatYushan Literati Gathering represents a common spiritual homeland of then literatiwith its inclusiveness beyond time.The most unique feature of Yushan Literati Gathering is its purity. Taking Gu Ying asan example, by summoning such a large scale literati gathering and treating thesecelebrities, he pursues a kind of life which is based on the literati, ideal and art,instead of tending to play up to power, influence and material gain. Activities held atYushan Literati Gathering have a far-reaching significance on the overall style and cultural spirit of the late Yuan Dynasty. In this sense, we say that Yushan LiteratiGathering is a wonder, especially for its artistic atmosphere and psychology of poets.Therefore, Chapter five discusses psychology of poets participating in the YushanLiterati Gathering. By analyzing gradual change of their psychology, waveringbetween becoming a civilian and common people as well as elegant-pursuingcomplex, it reveals distinctive psychology and spiritual pursuit of the poets in the lateYuan Dynasty, that is, to keep an independent personality of literati, and pursue acomplete life experience in an elegant and artistic manner, which represents a specialcultural psychology and personality in the Chinese cultural history.Chapter six studies on the relationship between Yushan Literati Gathering and literatigatherings during the same period in two aspects, on the one hand, it investigatessimilarities between Yushan Literati Gathering and other literati gatherings during thesame period of time; on the other hand, it makes investigation on the differences ofliterati gatherings which are complementary to each other. Through comparison,relationship and communication of literati in Wuzhong area is revealed, thus readerscan have a more clear understanding on Gu Ying and the uniqueness of YushanLiterati Gathering.The last chapter discusses the influence of Yushan Literati Gathering on literature ofthe Yuan Dynasty mainly from two aspects: scholar style and poem style of the lateYuan Dynasty. Poems collected and published by Yushan Literati Gathering likeYushan Pugao, Yushan Mingshengji, Humble House Literati Gathering, YushanTravel Note, Yushan Antiphon and Yushan Yishi cover a majority of antiphon poetriesin the Yushan Literati Gathering, of which, almost all poems made by famous poets inthe late Yuan Dynasty are included, accounting for one tenth of the total quantity ofpoems created in the same period. It is safe to say that, without Yushan LiteratiGathering, or although there is Yushan Literati Gathering but the works are not stored,the poetic circle in the late Yuan Dynasty will show a different look. Added withsuper long time span and way of act featuring self adapting of both guests and thehost, these two aspects undoubtedly exert huge impact on the then poem circle andscholars.As the largest literati gathering in the Yuan Dynasty, Yushan Literati Gathering becomes a distinctive cultural phenomenon in ancient Chinese literature history withits inclusive disposition. At the end of the paper, the concluding remarks---reverb ofYushan, mainly discusses on cultural life of literati gathering besides poem creation.As the literati gathering lasts through the last thirty years of the late Yuan Dynasty,Yushan Literati Gathering is well known in the whole southeast China poetic circle.Apart from poem creation, the gathering also involves other artistic activities, andachievements in these regards reach a rather high level. This chapter discusses poems,calligraphies, paintings, music, tea ceremonies, etc. aiming to let readers have acomplete and detailed understanding of Yushan Literati Gathering, and to restore thethen features of the gathering to the maximum extent.更多还原